LAB ACTIVITY 5

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of attachment
Muscle attached to bones!! for muscles. Your legs and
arms move when the
muscles pull on the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.
FUNCTIONS OF THE 3. Protection: The bones of
SKELETAL SYSTEM your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart from
injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
5. Storage: Bones
store minerals,
such as calcium
and phosphorus,
for use by the body
IMPORTANT CARTILAGES IN
ADULT SKELETON
 ARTICULAR
 COSTAL
 LARYNGEAL
 TRACHEAL
 NASAL
 INVERTEBRAL DISCS
 CARTILAGE THAT SUPPORT THE EXTERNAL EAR
CARTILAGES OF THE SKELETON
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 COMPACT BONE – LOOKS SMOOTH AND HOMOGENEOUS
 SPONGY BONE (CANCELLOUS) BONE – IS COMPOSED OF SMALL TRABECULAE
(COLUMNS) OF BONE AND LOTS OF OPEN SPACE.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEIR GROSS
ANATOMY
 LONG BONES – ARE MUCH LONGER THAN THEY ARE WIDE, GENERALLY
CONSISTING OF A SHAFT WITH HEADS AT EITHER END.
 SHORT BONES – ARE TYPICALLY CUBE SHAPED, AND THEY CONTAIN MORE
SPONGY BONE THAN COMPACT BONE
 FLAT BONES – ARE GENERALLY THIN, WITH TWO WAFERLIKE LAYERS OF
COMPACT BONE SANDWICHING A THICKER LAYER OF SPONGY BONE BETWEEN
THEM.
 IRREGULAR BONES – BONES THAT DO NOT FALL INTO ONE OF THE PRECEDING
CATEGORIES
 SESAMOID BONES – SPECIAL TYPES OF SHORT BONE FORMED WITHIN
TENDONS
 SUTURAL BONES – ARE TINY BONES BETWEEN CRANIAL BONES.
Figure 6.2
STRUCTURE OF  Typical Four Layers:

THE BONE  Periosteum: Covers

Bones
 Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
 Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the compact
bone
 Bone Marrow: Fills the
gaps between the
spongy bone
  Bones are complex
living structures that
STRUCTURE undergo growth and
development.
OF THE BONE  A thin tough outer
membrane covers the
bone.
 Beneath the outer
membrane is a layer
of compact bone
(hard and dense, but
not solid – it is filled
with holes and has
small canals for blood
vessels and nerves).
  Inside the compact
STRUCTURE bone is a layer of
OF THE BONE spongy bone.
 It has many small
spaces, is light
weight, but strong.
 Spongy bone is
also found at the
ends of bones.
  In the spaces of many
STRUCTURE bones there is a soft
connective tissue called
OF THE BONE marrow.
 Two types of Marrow:
 Red
 Yellow
 Red Marrow
produces most of the
body’s blood cells.
 Yellow Marrow stores
fat that can serve as
an energy reserve.
HOW STRONG  The structure of
ARE BONES? bones make it both
strong and light
weight.
 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
 Bone is made up of
2 minerals:
 Calcium
 Phosphorus
BONE MARKINGS
 Reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscle, tendons, and ligaments were
attached, and where blood vessels and nerves passed.
 TWO MAIN CATEGORIES
 PROJECTIONS that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form
joints
 DEPRESSIONS OR OPENINGS in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood
vessels.
BONE MARKINGS
 Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as
 Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
 Joint surfaces
 Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
BONE MARKINGS:
PROJECTIONS
 Sites of muscle and ligament attachment
 Tuberosity—rounded projection
 Crest—narrow, prominent ridge
 Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface
 Line—narrow ridge of bone
 Tubercle—small rounded projection
 Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle
 Spine—sharp, slender projection
 Process—any bony prominence
Table 6.1
BONE MARKINGS:
PROJECTIONS
 Projections that help to form joints
 Head
 Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
 Facet
 Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
 Condyle
 Rounded articular projection
 Ramus
 Armlike bar
Table 6.1
BONE MARKINGS:
DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS
 Groove
Meatus
 Furrow
Canal-like passageway
 Fissure
Sinus
 Narrow,
Cavity within
slitlikea bone
opening
 Foramen
Fossa
 Round
Shallow,
orbasinlike
oval opening
depression
through a bone
Table 6.1
 Tuberosity

Crest
 Head

 
                                                                                 

Condyle
 Spine

Foramen
  Axial Skeleton: The
THE TWO MAJOR axial skeleton includes
SKELETAL SYSTEM the skull, spine, ribs and
sternum.

 Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular skeleton
includes the
appendages of the
body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
MAJOR SUTURES
CLAVICLE OR COLLARBONE
 The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper
body and is only as thick as your little finger.
SCAPULA
 The scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and helps provide part of the
shoulder joint and movement for the arms.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN OR SPINAL CORD
1) The cervical region (neck bones) 

 
2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back) 

COCCYX AND SACRUM
RIB CAGE
STERNUM (BREASTBONE)
HUMERUS (UPPER ARM
BONE)
RADIUS AND ULNA
 Radius on Top

 Ulna on Bottom
CARPALS OR (WRIST BONES)
METACARPALS (TOP OF
HANDS)
PHALANGES (LITTLE
FINGERS)
PELVIS
FEMUR
(LARGEST BONE IN THE BODY)
THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
TARSALS
METATARSALS
PHALANGES
 • A joint is a place
JOINTS where two bones
come together.

• Joints allow the

bones to move in
different ways.

• Two types of joints:

• Immovable
• Movable
IMMOVABLE • A joint that
JOINTS allows little or
no movement
 • Most of the joint are
MOVABLE movable joints.
• Allow the body to move
JOINTS in a wide range of
movements.
• Bones in movable
joints are held together
by strong connective
tissue called
ligaments.
• Four types of movable
joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding
 ►Round end of bone
fitting snuggly within
BALL-AND- another bone.
SOCKET JOINT  Ex. Shoulder and
Hip
►Allows the greatest
range of motion.
 The ball-and-
socket joint allows
you to swing your
arm freely in a
circle.
  Movement in one
HINGE direction like a door.
 Ex. Knee and
JOINT Elbow
 Allows forward or
backward motion.
  Bone resting atop

PIVOT another bone permitting

free movement.
JOINT  Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
 Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
 Allows you to turn
your head
 ►Allows one bone to
GLIDING slide over another.
JOINT  Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
►Allows your to
bend and flex as
well as make
limited side to side
motions.
 ►Connects bone to
LIGAMENT bone.
TENDON ► Attaches
muscles to
bones.
SYNOVIAL JOINT
MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL
JOINTS