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Lesson.1. Types of Waves

This document provides an introduction to different types of electrical waveforms, including: - Sine waves, which can be expressed in degrees or radians, with the relationship between periodic time and frequency. - Square waves, with a duty cycle of 50% and frequency defined as the reciprocal of the period. - Rectangular waves, which are similar to square waves but with unequal pulse widths. - Triangular and sawtooth waves, which are non-sinusoidal waves that oscillate between positive and negative peaks at a constant frequency. - Pulses, which have a very different mark-to-space ratio than high frequency waves and are used to trigger events at specific times.

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63 views14 pages

Lesson.1. Types of Waves

This document provides an introduction to different types of electrical waveforms, including: - Sine waves, which can be expressed in degrees or radians, with the relationship between periodic time and frequency. - Square waves, with a duty cycle of 50% and frequency defined as the reciprocal of the period. - Rectangular waves, which are similar to square waves but with unequal pulse widths. - Triangular and sawtooth waves, which are non-sinusoidal waves that oscillate between positive and negative peaks at a constant frequency. - Pulses, which have a very different mark-to-space ratio than high frequency waves and are used to trigger events at specific times.

Uploaded by

Lee
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TYPES OF

WAVES
LESSON 1. INTRODUCTIONS TO SIGNALS
Prapared by:
Engr. Loretta O. Cuz
A. Sine Wave Waveform

Units of periodic time, ( T ) include: Seconds ( s ), milliseconds ( ms ) and microseconds ( μs ).

For sine wave waveforms only, we can also express the periodic time of the waveform in either degrees or radians, as one
full cycle is equal to 360o ( T = 360o ) or in Radians as 2pi, 2π ( T = 2π ), then we can say that  2π radians = 360o –
( Remember this! ).
A. Sine Wave Waveform

We now know that the time it takes for electrical waveforms to repeat themselves is known as the periodic time
or period which represents a fixed amount of time. If we take the reciprocal of the period, ( 1/T ) we end up with
a value that denotes the number of times a period or cycle repeats itself in one second or cycles per second, and
this is commonly known as Frequency with units of Hertz, (Hz). Then Hertz can also be defined as “cycles per
second” (cps) and 1Hz is exactly equal to 1 cycle per second.
Both period and frequency are mathematical reciprocals of each other and as the periodic time of the waveform
decreases, its frequency increases and vice versa with the relationship between Periodic
time and Frequency given as.
Relationship between Frequency and Periodic Time

Where:  ƒ is in Hertz and T is in Seconds.


B. Square Wave Waveform

A square wave waveform the positive or “ON” time is equal to the negative or “OFF” time so the duty
cycle must be 50%, (half of its period). As frequency is equal to the reciprocal of the period, ( 1/T ) we
can define the frequency of a square wave waveform as:
Electrical Waveforms Example No1

A Square Wave electrical waveform has a pulse width of 10ms, calculate its frequency, ( ƒ ).
For a square wave shaped waveform, the duty cycle is given as 50%, therefore the period of the
waveform must be equal to: 10ms + 10ms or 20ms
C. RECTANGULAR WAVEFORM

Rectangular Waveforms are similar to the square wave waveform above, the difference being that the
two pulse widths of the waveform are of an unequal time period. Rectangular waveforms are therefore
classed as “Non-symmetrical” waveforms as shown below.
These positive and negative pulse widths are sometimes called “Mark” and “Space” respectively, with
the ratio of the Mark time to the Space time being known as the “Mark-to-Space” ratio of the period
and for a Square wave waveform this would be equal to one.
Electrical Waveforms Example No2

A Rectangular waveform has a positive pulse width (Mark time) of 10ms and a duty cycle of 25%,
calculate its frequency.
The duty cycle is given as 25% or 1/4 of the total waveform which is equal to a positive pulse width of
10ms. If 25% is equal to 10mS, then 100% must be equal to 40mS, so then the period of the waveform
must be equal to: 10ms (25%) + 30ms (75%) which equals 40ms (100%) in total.
D. Triangular Waveforms

Triangular Waveforms are generally bi-directional non-sinusoidal waveforms that oscillate between a


positive and a negative peak value. Although called a triangular waveform, the triangular wave is actually
more of a symmetrical linear ramp waveform because it is simply a slow rising and falling voltage signal at a
constant frequency or rate. The rate at which the voltage changes between each ramp direction is equal
during both halves of the cycle as shown below.

Generally, for Triangular Waveforms the


positive-going ramp or slope (rise), is of
the same time duration as the negative-
going ramp (decay) giving the triangular
waveform a 50% duty cycle. Then any
given voltage amplitude, the frequency
of the waveform will determine the
average voltage level of the wave.
E. Sawtooth Waveforms

Sawtooth Waveforms are another type of periodic waveform. As its name suggests, the shape of the
waveform resembles the teeth of a saw blade. Sawtoothed waveforms can have a mirror image of
themselves, by having either a slow-rising but extremely steep decay, or an extremely steep almost vertical
rise and a slow-decay as shown below.
The positive ramp Sawtooth Waveform is the more common of the two waveform types with the ramp
portion of the wave being almost perfectly linear. The Sawtooth waveform is commonly available from
most function generators and consists of a fundamental frequency ( ƒ ) and all its integer ratios of
harmonics, such as: 1/2, 1/4, 1/6 1/8 … 1/n etc. What this means in practical terms is that
the Sawtoothed Waveform is rich in harmonics and for music synthesizers and musicians gives the quality
of the sound or tonal colour to their music without any distortion.
F. Pulse Electrical Waveforms

A Pulse is a waveform or signal in its own right. It has very different Mark-to-Space ratio
compared to a high frequency square wave clock signal or even a rectangular waveform.
The purpose of a “Pulse” and that of a trigger is to produce a very short signal to control the time
at which something happens for example, to start a Timer, Counter, Monostable or Flip-flop etc,
or as a trigger to switch “ON” Thyristors, Triacs and other power semiconductor devices.
REFERENCE
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/
waveforms.html

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