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Basic Calculus

This document provides an overview of limits and continuity in calculus. It defines key concepts like limits, derivatives, and integrals. It then explains the building block of calculus, the limit, and provides examples of evaluating limits using numerical and graphical approaches. Finally, it outlines several theorems for evaluating limits of constants, functions, sums, differences, products, quotients, powers, and roots as x approaches a value.

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Hanna Galati
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
200 views

Basic Calculus

This document provides an overview of limits and continuity in calculus. It defines key concepts like limits, derivatives, and integrals. It then explains the building block of calculus, the limit, and provides examples of evaluating limits using numerical and graphical approaches. Finally, it outlines several theorems for evaluating limits of constants, functions, sums, differences, products, quotients, powers, and roots as x approaches a value.

Uploaded by

Hanna Galati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Calculus

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY


Calculus
Mathematics of motion and change.
Built upon two great ideas,
 Derivative – examines slope of a curve and rates of change.
 Integral – deals with sums, areas, and volumes.
A latin word for stone and pebble.
Thus, calculus roughly means a method of calculation.
Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz
– an English mathematician and natural philosopher
and a German philosopher and mathematician widely
honored as the inventors of calculus.
Limit

Building block on which all underlying concepts of


calculus are based.
Let f(x) be a given function of x. If the function f(x)
approaches the real number L as x approaches a
particular value of c, then we say that L is the limit of f
as x approaches c. The notation for this definition is

The limit, , may or may not exist. When the limit f(x)
exist, it must be a single number.
Examples of a combined numerical and
graphical approaches to locate limits.
1. The function f (x) = is not defined when x = 3. Why? What
happens to the values of f(x) when x is very close to 3?

x from the left x from the right

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.0001 3.001 3.01 3.1


2.f (x)
If f (x)5.9
= , what
5.99is ? 5.999 6.0001 6.001 6.01 6.1

+¿ ¿
𝒙→𝟒 −
𝒙→𝟒
x 3.99 3.999 3.9999 4 4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1
f (x)
Main Limit Theorems

The Limit of a Constant Theorem


The Limit of a Function x
Limit of a Constant and a Function f(x)
Limit of Sum and Difference of Functions
Limit of Product of Functions
Limit of Quotient of Functions
Limit of Power of Functions
Limit of Root of Functions
Limit of a Constant Theorem

Definition.
The limit of a constant as x approaches to any
constant is always equal to the given constant.

Example:
Limit of a Function x

Definition.
The limit of the function x as x approaches to any
constant is always equal to the constant.

Example:
Limit of a Constant and a Function f(x)
Definition. lim
In evaluating the Limit of a Constant and a Function, the
following steps can be followed:
1. Express the limit as a product of a constant and the limit
of a function x.
2. Find the limit of the function x based on the given value
for x.
3. Simplify the resulting numbers.
Example:
4.
5.
Limit of Sum and Difference of Functions

Definition. f(x)
In evaluating the Limit of Sum/Difference of Functions, the
following steps can be followed:
1. Express the limit as sum or difference of functions
depending on the number of terms.
2. Apply the previously discussed limit theorems in finding the
limit of each term.
3. Simplify.
Example

=3

= -22
Limit of Product of Functions

Definition. f(x)
In evaluating the Limit of Products of Functions, the following steps
can be followed:
1. Express the limit in expanded form by applying the Limit of Products
Theorem.
2. Evaluate the limit of each function by applying the previously
discussed limit theorems.
3. Simplify.
Example

= 15

= -9
Limit of Quotient of Functions

Definition. , provided that g(x)


In evaluating the Limit of Products of Functions, the following steps can
be followed:
1. Express the limit in expanded form by applying the Limit of Quotient
Theorem.
2. Evaluate the limit of each function by applying the previously
discussed limit theorems.
3. Simplify.

Example:
Limit of Root of Function

Example:
Limit of Power of Functions

Definition.
Example:
1. =
=
= 16
2. + 2 +1
=
= 64
Other Techniques in Evaluating Limits of
Functions
By Factoring
By Conjugation
Evaluate the following, then graph
❑
1. lim ( 𝑥+ 3 ) 𝑥 2 −8 𝑥+16
𝑥 →2 5 . lim
𝑥 →4 𝑥−4
𝑥 2 −1
2 . lim
𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑥2− 3 𝑥 − 2
6. lim
𝑥 →− 1/ 2 2 𝑥 +1
𝑥2 −16
3. lim
𝑥 →1 𝑥 − 4
7 . lim 𝑥 4 − 5 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 +2
𝑥 →− 1

4 . lim √ 2
𝑥 −1
8 . lim 𝑥3 −2 𝑥 2+3 𝑥 +4
𝑥 →1 √ 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 →− 1

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