READING AND WRITING (ENG1)

PREPARED BY: MS. MICHELLE S. CABO

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Text as Connected Discourse

01
Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information
02 Brainstorming , Graphic Aids , Organizing Notes into an Outline

Patterns of Development
03 Narrative Writing, Descriptive Writing, Persuasive Writing, Development by Definition,
Classification, Comparison-contrast, Cause and Effect, Chronological, Spatial and Logical
Paragraphs
 

04 Properties of a Well-Written Paragraph

Establishing Coherence and Cohesion in Paragraphs
L1: Text as Connected Discourse
 Writing is the
“flipside” of
reading, that is, when
we write, we read.
discourse
 noun
dis·​course | \ ˈdi-ˌskȯrs  , di-ˈskȯrs\

1: verbal interchange of ideas especially : CONVERSATION

2a: formal and orderly and usually extended expression of

thought on a subject
b: connected speech or writing
 Classification of Discourse

Insert Your Image

EXPOSITION DESCRIPTIVE NARRATIVE ARGUMENT

OTHER DISCOURSES: Poetic Discourse, Expressive Discourse

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON YOUR NOTEBOOK 
1. What is your first language?
Aside from your first language and English, your second language, what other
languages do you speak?
2. In what situations do you use your first language? English?
3. Your first language and English are only two of the thousands of languages
spoken around the world. Do you believe that by having a common language, na-
tions will have more understanding and cooperation? Why?
4. If you say yes to Question 3, discuss the other advantages of having a universal
language.
5. If your answer is no, point out the problems that entail the adoption of a common
language.
6. People observed that English is the most widely spoken language. Do you believe
that it is feasible to adopt English as the universal language?
L2: Techniques in Selecting and
Organizing Information
5 basic ways to
organize
information
Organizing information makes it
easier for you to express ideas
clearly, and to ensure that the reader
will easily find the content.
 Location - This is
showing a perspec-
tive of a physical
space
or geographical
place.
Alphabet - Organizing
information
alphabetically
 Time - Time shows
how things happen or
compare events over a
significant duration
of time.
Category - Organizing
by category uses the
easiest ways to
organize information.
 Hierarchy - Organizing
by hierarchy shows
how information is
connected to another
according to importance
or rank.
1. Writing is the __________ of reading, that is, when we
write, we read.
2.  ______ is the verbal interchange of ideas
3. -6 What are the types of discourse?
7. This discourse aims to describe things, ideas,
concepts, persons etc.
8. This discourse aims to inform and make people
aware about a certain topic.
9. This discourse tells a story.
10. This discourse has two sides: opposing and
supporting
11. -15 What are the techniques in
Selecting and Organizing information?
16. This is showing a perspective of a
physical space or geographical place.
17. shows how things happen or compare
events over a significant duration of time.
18. -19 WHAT IS YOUR HOUSE’S MOTTO?
20. WHAT IS THE TAG LINE OF FATIMA?
1. Writing is the FLIPSIDE of reading, that is, when
we write, we read.
2.  DISCOURSE is the verbal interchange of ideas
3. -6 NARRATIVE, DESCRIPTIVE, ARGUMENT,
EXPOSITION
7. DESCRIPTIVE
8. EXPOSITION
9. NARRATIVE
10. ARGUMENT
11. -15 LOCATION. ALPHABET,
TIME, CATEGORY, HIERARCHY
16. LOCATION
17. TIME
18. -19 WHAT IS YOUR HOUSE’S
MOTTO?
20. RISE TO THE TOP
Brainstorming 1. Pre-writing
means you storm or  
search your brain for 2. Drafting
ideas. It is a way of  
expressing ideas in a 3. Revising and proof
group. Through this
reading
technique the group
comes up with the best  
ideas which are worth 4. Publishing and
writing about. presenting the output.
 Cubing
The following generate ideas individually
are examples based on a given set of guide-
of lines.
 
brainstorming Mapping
activities: generate ideas alone and lets
his/her imagination run free
based on a given topic.
 
 Looping, the most complex
The following approach to free writing, involves
writing to find out what one
are examples wants to say on a certain, requires
of writing for a certain period of time
without stopping.
brainstorming  
activities: Clustering generates a great num-
ber of ideas, enabling students to
be more than prepared for writing.
Lesson 2.2 Using Graphic Aids
Graphic aids are visual aids that
often accompany reports or
other printed information.
 CHARTS or GRAPHS are means of presenting
numerical quantities visually so that trends and
relationships among the numerical quantities can
be easily graphed.
LINE CHARTS are most useful in representing
continuous relationships or trends such as in
narrative or process description or any pattern
concerned with time or distance.
TABLES are two or more columns of written
data. They present words or figures in an
economical, easy-to-understand form.
 SURFACE AND STRATA CHART is similar to a
line or bar chart or graph except that the area be-
tween the curve line and the base or zero line is
shaded.
MAP CHART presents geographical or spatial
distribution. On a conventional map, record the
units or symbols which represent the data being
relayed.
FLOW CHART shows successive movements of
a product or a process.
FLOW SHEET shows the steps or chronology or a
process of connecting geometric symbols or
figures with lines arrows.
DIAGRAMS are essential to device and process
descriptions, instructions and specification.
DRAWINGS are sometimes used instead of photographs
if they can show lines and details more clearly.

FIGURES are variety of graphic devices which can be

informative and dramatic. In technical report, the use of
figure is necessary.
Lesson 2.3
Organizing Notes into an Outline
 OUTLINE
a general description or plan
giving the essential features of
something but not the detail.
 OUTLINE
 List of the main points of a
document or plan, itemized in
the sequence they appear in the
text or in a logical order.
An outline serves as a summary
of your paragraph or essay.
 There are two types of outline:

1. sentence outline which consists of

complete sentences that would expound the
ideas that are presented in the written
output,
and the 2. topic outline which
presents keywords or phrases.
Basic Rules in organizing a topic
outline and sentence outline:
Use Roman numerals, capital letters and Arabic
numerals to indicate main headings and sub-
headings.
 
 Use words or phrases.
Do not say: How I take care of my orchid
plants;
say, taking care of my orchid plants.
Place a period after each number
and letter; heading and
sub-heading.
Do not place a period after
each letter or number in
Parentheses.
Place a period after each item
when it is a complete sentence.
Capitalize the first word of each
point.
Use the same grammatical
construction throughout an
outline.
Do not mix sentences and
topics in the same outline.
 st yl es
s e a e3
r
Th e
t l i n in g
of o u
 The Roman numeral outlines are
widely used in schools and industry.
 The Dewey Decimal has a great
advantage over the others because it is
expandable, thus, it can accommodate
volumes of any library’s acquisition.
The Alphanumeric outlines are
often used by government agen-
cies.