COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MATHEMATICS SECTION

SEMESTER-1 (AY 2022-2023)

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (MATH311 / STAT3101)

PPT - 1 OF CHAPTER 2
Sample space, Probability and Addition rule of probability

11/19/22
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBABILITY

Random Experiment: Any experiment whose outcomes cannot be predicted or determined in advance is a
random experiment.

Example:

 Tossing of a coin, head or tail may occur,

 Throwing a die, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 may appear

 Drawing a card from a well shuffled pack of cards

are examples of random experiments
Sample Space: The collection of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample space, denoted by S
1. In the probability experiment of tossing a coin, the sample space is S = {H,T}, H denotes head and T denotes
tail.

2. Consider the experiment of rolling a die. Then S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

3. In the experiment of throwing two coins, S = {(H,H),(H,T),(T,H),(T,T)}

4. If two dies are rolled, the sample space consists of 36 outcomes.

(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)
Example : In a pack of cards, there are four suits (hearts, clubs, diamonds and spades) and 13 cards for each suit (ace, through king), there are 52 outcomes in the sample space
 
 

 The deck consists of 52 cards

 The cards are divided into four suits (or categories)
called spades (♠), Clubs(♣), Hearts(♥) and Diamonds(♦)
 Each suit consists of 13 cards labelled : Ace(A), 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack(J), Queen(Q) and King(K).
 There are 26 black cards (Spades and Clubs) and 26 red
cards (Hearts and Diamonds).
Event : An event consists of a probability experiment (any subset of a sample space is called an event).

An event can be one outcome or more than one outcome .

Example : If a die is rolled and a 6 shows, this result is called an outcome, since it is a result of a single trial.
An event with one outcome is called a simple event.

A compound event consist of two or more outcomes or simple event

Example : If S={H,T} is the sample associated with the probability experiment of throwing a coin, then the
subset A={H} denotes the event that head falls and B={T} denotes the event that tail occurs.

Equally likely events: Events are said to be equally likely, if there is no reason to expect any one in preference
to any other, for example, in throwing a die all the six faces are equally likely to come.
Mutually exclusive events : Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive, if the occurrence of one
event avoids or prevents the occurrence of the other.
Examples :
1. Determine which events are mutually exclusive and which are not, when a single die is rolled.
a. Getting an odd number and getting an even number
Getting an odd number : 1, 3, or 5 and Getting an even number : 2, 4, or 6
Mutually Exclusive – Since none of the values are common

b. Getting a 3 and getting an odd number

Getting a 3: 3 and Getting an odd number: 1, 3, or 5
Not Mutually Exclusive - Since 3 is common in both
There are three basic interpretation of probability
1. Classical probability
2. Empirical or relative frequency probability
3. Subjective probability

Formula for Classical Probability

The probability of any event E =

This probability is denoted by

This probability is called classical probability and it uses the sample space S
Set theoretic interpretation of random events
Let A and B be any two events in a sample space S

1. A denotes that the event A occurs or (happens)

2. denotes that the event A does not occur (𝐴̅ is the complement of the set A)
3. A∪ 𝐵 denotes that either the event A or B or both occur.
4. A ∩ 𝐵 (or AB ) denotes both A and B occur simultaneously.
5. A denotes only A occurs( A occurs and B does not occur)
6. denotes only B occurs
7. denotes neither A occurs nor B occurs
Example : A card is drawn from an ordinary deck. Find the probabilities for the events given below.
a. Of getting a jack.
b. Of getting the 6 of clubs.

Solution:
a. There are 4 jacks so there are four outcomes, of 52
possible outcomes
P (jack) = .

b. There is only one 6 of clubs in event E, the probability

of getting a 6 of clubs is
P (6 of clubs) = .
Probability Rule 1 :
The probability of any event E is a number (either a fraction or decimal) between 0 and 1.
This denoted by

Probability Rule 2 :
If an event E cannot occur ,its probability is 0
Example : When a single die is rolled, find the probability of getting a 9
Solution : Since the sample space is 1,2,3,4,5and 6 ,it is impossible to get a 9
=0

Probability Rule 3 :
If an event E is certain, then the probability of E is 1
Example : When a single die is rolled, what is the probability of getting a number less than 7?
Solution :
Probability Rule 4 :
The sum of the probabilities of the outcomes in the sample space is 1

Complement of an event : The Complement of an event E is the set of outcomes in the sample space that are not
included in the outcomes of event E .The complement of E is denoted by
Example : Find the complement of each event
a. Rolling a die and getting a 4
b. Selecting a day of the week and getting a weekday?
Solution:
a. Getting a 1,2,3,5 or 6
b. Getting Saturday or Sunday
Rule for Complementary Event :
or =1

Example : If the probability that a person lives in an industrialized country of the word is find the probability that a
person does not live in an industrialized country .

Solution :
=

Formula for Empirical Probability :

Given a frequency distribution, the probability of an event being in a given class is

This probability is called empirical probability and is based on observation

Example : Hospital records indicated that maternity stayed in the hospital for the number of days shown in
the distribution
Number of days Frequency
stayed
Find these Probabilities
a. A patient Stayed exactly 5 days 3 15
b. A patient Stayed at most 4 days 4 32
5 56
c. A patient Stayed at least 5 days 6 19
Solution : Total frequency = 127
7 5
a.

b. + =

c. + + =

Subjective Probability :
The third type of probability is called Subjective Probability. It uses a probability value based on an educated
guess or estimate, employing opinions and inexact information
Addition Rule 1 :
When A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability that A or B will occur is
P(A∪ 𝐵) = P(A)+ P(B)

Example : A day of the week is selected at random. Find the probability that it is a weekend day.
Solution :
= +=

Addition Rule 2
When A and B are not mutually exclusive, the probability that A or B will occur is
P(A∪B) = P(A)+ P(B)
Example : A single card is drawn from a deck. Find the probability that it is a king or a club

Solution : Since the king of clubs is counted twice, one of the two probabilities must be subtracted as shown.

+
Example : The probability that a customer selects a pizza with mushrooms or pepperoni is 0.43 and the
probability that the customer selects mushroom only is 0.32. If the probability that he or she selects a pepperoni
only is 0.17, find the probability of the customer selecting both items.
Solution : Let A denote the event that the customer selects pizza with mushroom and B denote he or she selects
pizza with pepperoni.
Given that P(A B) = 0.43 {denotes the event that the customer selects pizza with mushrooms or mushrooms
with pepperoni}
P(A) = 0.32 and P(B) = 0.17
By Addition theorem of probability,
P(AB) = P(A) +P(B)- P(AB)
0.43 = 0.32+0.17- P(A B)
P(AB) = 0.49- 0.43 = 0.06
Example : What is the probability of getting a total of 7 or 11 when a pair of fair dice is tossed?
Solution : Let A be the event that 7 occurs and B the event that 11.
A = {(1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),(5,2),(6,1)}
B = {(5,6),(6,5)}
Therefore,
6 2 2
¿ + −0=
36 36 9

Example : When picking from a pack of 52 cards what is the probability of getting a king or a heart?
Solution : There are 13 cards that are hearts and there are 4 cards that are kings. But one card is both a
king and a heart, so this event is not mutually exclusive.
P ( King∨Heart )=P ( K ing ) +P ( Heart ) − P ( King of Heart )
+
Example : In a hospital unit there are 8 nurses and 5 physicians; 7nurses and 3 physicians are females. If a staff
person is selected, find the probability that the subject is a nurse or a male
Solution : Staff Females Males Total
Nurses 7 1 8
3 2 5
Physicians 10 3 13

Total
+

Addition Rule : The Probability rules can be extended to three or more events. For three mutually exclusive events
A, B & C
=
If three events are not mutually exclusive, then
Counting Techniques
Factorial notation : Many counting problems involve multiplying together long strings of numbers. Factorial
notation is simply a shorthand way of writing down some of these products.
The symbol n! reads as ‘n factorial’ means n(n-1)(n-2) …2.1.
For example :
6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720
3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6
1! = 1 Also, we define 0! = 1

Permutation :
A permutation is an arrangement of n objects in a specific order.
Permutation rule 1 : The arrangement of n objects in a specific order using r objects at a time is called permutation
of n objects taken r objects at a time. It is written as

Permutation rule 2 : The number of permutations of n objects when objects are identical, are identical, …, objects
are identical, etc., is , where + ++ = n
Combination :
A selection of distinct objects without regard to order is called a combination.

Combination Rule : The number of combinations of r objects selected from n objects is denoted by and is
given by the formula.

Remarks :
1. Use permutations if a problem calls for the number of arrangements of objects and different orders are to
be counted.
2. Use combinations if a problem calls for the number of ways of selecting objects and the order of selection is
not to be counted.
Example :
(a) A teacher wants to randomly choose 5 people from the class of 30 to help out at the open day BBQ. In how
many ways can this be done?
(b) A teacher wants to award prizes for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th in the class of 30. In how many ways can the
prizes be awarded (assume no two students tie)?

Solution : (a) In the first case, the 5 people are chosen, and it doesn’t matter whether a person is chosen first,
second,…, or fifth, they all receive the same extra work, and so there are

ways to choose the students with those conditions.

(b) Here the order that the student are chosen does matter, and so there are

ways to choose the students with those conditions. This is a significantly more as expected.
Example : A student has to answer 10 questions, choosing at least 4 from each of Parts A and B. If there are 6
questions in Part A and 7 in Part B, in how many ways can the student choose 10 questions?
Solution : The possibilities are: 4 from Part A and 6 from Part B or 5 from Part A and 5 from Part B or 6 from
Part A and 4 from Part B.
Therefore, the required number of ways is
= 105 + 126 + 35 = 266
Example : A package of 15 apples contains two defective apples. Four apples are selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that none of the selected apples are defective.
(b) Find the probability that at least one of the selected apples is defective.

Solution : Total number of apples = 15

Number of defective apples = 2
Number of good apples = 13
Now selecting 4 apples from the 15 apples can be done in ways.
n(S) =

(a) Let A be the event of selecting 4 good apples (from 13 good apples)
n(A) =
P(A) =

(b) Let A be the event of selecting at-least 1 is defective apple Defective Non defective
n(A) = 2 15 – 2 = 13
= 1 3
P(A) = 2 2
Example : A box contains 3 white, 8 red, 9 blue balls. If 3 balls are selected at random find the probability
i) one ball of each color is selected ii) all balls are of the same color iii) one red and two of any other color
Solution : Total number of balls = 3+8+9 = 20
Three balls can be chosen in ways
i) let A be the event one ball of each color is chosen one red and one white and one blue ball is chosen

required probability = = 0.18947

ii) let B be the event all balls are of same color three red or three white or three blue balls are chosen

required probability =

iii) Let C be the event one red and two of any other color are chosen one red and two white or one red and
two blue balls or one red, one white, one blue ball is chosen

required probability =
Exercise :
1. Three cards are Selected from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that
i. all 3 are spades
ii. 2 Spades one diamond
iii. 1 spade, 1 diamond and 1 heart

2. The probability that a student owns a car is 0.65 and the probability that a student owns a computer is
0.82. If the probability that a student owns both is 0.55, what is the probability that a given student owns
neither a car nor a computer
3. A bag contains 6 red, 4 white and 8 blue balls. If three balls are drawn at random, Find the probability
that 2 are white and 1 is red

4. An urn contains 6 red balls, 2 green balls, 1 blue ball and 1 white ball. If a ball is Selected find the probability
of getting a red or white ball.

5. If a die is rolled one time, fine these probabilities of

a. getting 4. b. getting an even number.
c. getting a number greater than 4. d. getting a number less than 7.
e. getting a number greater than 0. f. getting a number greater than 3 or an odd number.
g. getting a number greater than 3 and an odd number.
6. If one card is drawn from a deck, find the probability of getting these results:
a. An ace. b. A diamond. c. An ace of diamonds. d. A 4 or a 6.

e. A 4 or a club. f. A heart or a club. g . A red queen

7. What is the probability of getting a prime number from 1 to 10 ?

8. Three balls are drawn randomly from a bag contains 3 black, 5 red and 4 blue balls, what is the probability
that the balls drawn contain balls of different colors

9. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability that
ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?

10. Two die are thrown. Let A be the event that the sum of the points on the faces is 9. Let B the events that at
least one number is 6. Find probabilities of the following
)
De Morgan law [ , ]

11. Building new homes, a contractor finds that the probability of home buyer selecting a two–car garage is
0.70 and of selecting a one-car garage is 0.20. Find the probability that the buyer will select no garage
12. In a shooting test, the probability of hitting the target is for A and for B and for C. If all of them fire at
the target, find the probability that
a. the target is hit b. none of them hits the target

13. A problem of statistics is given to three students A, B and C whose chances of solving it are , and
respectively. What is the probability that the problem will be solved?
=
References
●Elementary statistics by allan G. Bluman, mc graw hill publishing company, fifth edition,
ISBN no.: 0-07-121439-9
●Duglasc. Montogomery, george C.Runger, applied statistics and probability for engineers,
fifth edition, willey ISBN–13: 978-0-470-05304-1