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Threads

Threads are lightweight processes that allow for parallel execution to improve performance. There are two types of threads: user threads that are managed by application code and kernel threads that are supported by the operating system kernel. Thread models determine how user threads map to kernel threads, including many-to-one where many user threads share a kernel thread, one-to-one with a dedicated kernel thread per user thread, and many-to-many allowing flexible mapping.

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Vatsal Ghoghari
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32 views

Threads

Threads are lightweight processes that allow for parallel execution to improve performance. There are two types of threads: user threads that are managed by application code and kernel threads that are supported by the operating system kernel. Thread models determine how user threads map to kernel threads, including many-to-one where many user threads share a kernel thread, one-to-one with a dedicated kernel thread per user thread, and many-to-many allowing flexible mapping.

Uploaded by

Vatsal Ghoghari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Threads

 Threads are also known as Lightweight processes. Threads are a popular way to
improve the performance of an application through parallelism. Threads are
mainly used to represent a software approach in order to improve the
performance of an operating system just by reducing the overhead thread that
is mainly equivalent to a classical process.
 As each thread has its own independent resource for process execution; thus
Multiple processes can be executed parallelly by increasing the number of
threads.
Threads
Types of Thread

 There are two types of threads:

 User Threads

 Kernel Threads

 User threads are above the kernel and without kernel support. These are the threads that
application programmers use in their programs.

 Kernel threads are supported within the kernel of the OS itself. All modern OSs support kernel-
level threads, allowing the kernel to perform multiple simultaneous tasks and/or to service
multiple kernel system calls simultaneously.
Types of Thread
Multithreading Models

 The user threads must be mapped to kernel threads, by one of the following
strategies:

 Many to One Model

 One to One Model

 Many to Many Model


Many to One Model
 In the many to one model, many user-level threads are all mapped onto a single kernel
thread.
 Thread management is handled by the thread library in user space, which is efficient in
nature.
 In this case, if user-level thread libraries are implemented in the operating system in
some way that the system does not support them, then the Kernel threads use this
many-to-one relationship model.
One to One Model
 The one to one model creates a separate kernel thread to handle each and every user
thread.
 Most implementations of this model place a limit on how many threads can be
created.
 Linux and Windows from 95 to XP implement the one-to-one model for threads.
 This model provides more concurrency than that of many to one Model.
Many to Many Model
 The many to many model multiplexes any number of user threads onto an equal or
smaller number of kernel threads, combining the best features of the one-to-one and
many-to-one models.
 Users can create any number of threads.
 Blocking the kernel system calls does not block the entire process.
 Processes can be split across multiple processors.

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