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Quantum Mechanical Model

The document summarizes the quantum mechanical model of the atom. It explains that the model uses four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin projection (ms) - to describe the energy levels and positions of electrons in an atom. The principal quantum number (n) represents the electron shell or energy level. The angular momentum number (l) describes the orbital shape as s, p, d, or f. The magnetic quantum number (ml) represents the orbital orientation. The spin projection number (ms) indicates an electron's spin as either +1/2 or -1/2.

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Chloe Marie
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32 views

Quantum Mechanical Model

The document summarizes the quantum mechanical model of the atom. It explains that the model uses four quantum numbers - principal quantum number (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic quantum number (ml), and spin projection (ms) - to describe the energy levels and positions of electrons in an atom. The principal quantum number (n) represents the electron shell or energy level. The angular momentum number (l) describes the orbital shape as s, p, d, or f. The magnetic quantum number (ml) represents the orbital orientation. The spin projection number (ms) indicates an electron's spin as either +1/2 or -1/2.

Uploaded by

Chloe Marie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE 9

QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
MODEL OF AN
ATOM
Lesson 1 of Unit VII: THE OCTET
RULE
Activity Title
01 Quantum Mechanical
Model Of An Atom
Type of Activity
02 Concept Notes

Learning Targets
03  Explain how the Quantum
Mechanical Model of the atom
describes the energies and
positions of the electrons

References and Author


04 Science in Today’s World, The
New Grade 9. Evangelista. E. et al,
We use so many materials and chemicals
in our everyday life routine to make our
lives easier and more comfortable. From
the food we eat, to cleaning, to the things
we use at work and even during our sleep.

But has it ever crossed your mind what things make up these things? Take table salt
as an example. It help bring out the flavor in our dishes by adding a salty taste to them.
What makes table salt salty? What constitutes salt and gives rise to this flavor?
The answer lies in its atomic make-up and it is very much influenced by the bonds
that the atoms of salt have. In this unit, you will find out the bonds that atoms share with
each other that allows them to form the substances we use in our lives. But let’s first
figure out what makes up an atom.
Atoms are the smallest units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms
of elements can combine with each other to form compounds and these compounds can
combine with each other to form substances. The combining of these atoms is all thanks
to the bonds created by sharing or transferring electrons.

Electrons are lightweight sub-atomic particle that exist


in a cloud orbiting the nucleus of an atom called an
orbital. The inner orbitals surrounding the atom are
spherical but the outer orbitals are much more
complicated. Electrons are negatively charged sub-atomic
particles. The location of the electrons in an atom is quite
hard to pinpoint, that is why the Quantum Model of an
Atom uses probability to deduce the location of electrons
in their orbitals.
A good understanding of electrons allows chemists to predict an tom’s properties,
such as stability, boiling point and conductivity of heat and electricity.
WHAT IS THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM?

This model is the basis of the modern understanding of the atom. Electron’s behaviors
within atoms could not be explained by thinking that they exist in precisely-defined
orbitals, as proposed by Neils Bohr. This can only be achieved if electrons will be treated
mathematically as matter waves, according to Erwin Schrödinger. To completely describe
an electron in an atom, four quantum numbers are needed: energy (n), angular
momentum (ℓ), magnetic quantum (mℓ) and spin projection(ms).

Schrödinger’s Quantum
Bohr’s atomic model
Mechanical model
01THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER: ENERGY (n)
Energy refers to the electron shell or the energy level occupied by an electron. The
values of Energy (n) ranges from 1 to the shell containing the valence electrons
(outermost electrons of an atom). Energy levels are fixed distances from the nucleus of a
given atom.
At location n = 1, an electron would be closest to the nucleus, while n = 2 the electron
would be farther, and n = 3 farther yet. As we will see, the principal quantum number
corresponds to the row number for an atom on the periodic table.
02THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM NUMBER (ℓ)
The angular momentum quantum number describes the general shape or region an
electron occupies—its orbital shape (subshell). The value of ℓ depends on the value of
the principle quantum number n. The angular momentum quantum number can have
positive values of zero to (n − 1). If n = 2, ℓ  = 1. If n = 3, ℓ  = 2

ℓ = 0 is called an ℓ = 1 a p orbital ℓ = 2 a d orbital ℓ = 3 an f orbital


s orbital
03THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (m ) ℓ

The magnetic quantum number describes the orbital orientation in space. Electrons


can be situated in one of three planes in three dimensional space around a given nucleus
(x, y, and z). The values of mℓ range from − ℓ to +ℓ, with integer steps between them. So
a subshell ℓ = 2 has 5 orbitals orientations,
mℓ = { -2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

EXAMPLE:
The s subshell (ℓ = 0) contains one orbital, and therefore the mℓ of an electron in an s
subshell will always be 0.
The p subshell (ℓ = 1) contains three orbitals, so the mℓ of an electron in a p subshell
will be −1, 0, or 1.

The d subshell (ℓ = 2) contains five orbitals, with mℓ values of −2, −1, 0, 1, and 2.
The f subshell (ℓ = 3) contains seven orbitals, with mℓ values of -3, −2, −1, 0, 1,
and 2 and 3.
04 THE SPIN PROJECTION NUMBER (ms)

The spin quantum number describes the spin for a given electron. An electron can
have one of two associated spins, (+1/2) spin, or (−1/2) spin. An electron cannot have
zero spin. We also represent spin with arrows ↑ or ↓. A single orbital can hold a
maximum of two electrons and each must have opposite spin.
LET’S PUT ALL THE QUANTUM NUMBERS INTO PRACTICE.

Angular Magnetic
Energy Momentum (mℓ) spin
Momentum (ℓ )
(n) projection
(n - 1) -ℓ to +ℓ

1 0 0 +1/2, -1/2

2 1 -1, 0, 1 +1/2, -1/2

3 2 -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 +1/2, -1/2

4 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 +1/2, -1/2


THANK YOU!

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