DR. UMAR SHAHBAZ KHAN umarshahbaz@gmail.

com

Single-purpose processors
Performs specific computation task Custom single-purpose processors

Designed

by us for a unique task -- pre-designed for a common

Standard single-purpose processors

task a.k.a., peripherals serial transmission analog/digital conversions

Timer: measures time intervals

To generate timed output events

e.g., hold traffic light green for 10 s e.g., measure a cars speed
Clk Basic timer 16-bit up counter 16 Cnt Top Reset

To measure input events

Based on counting clock pulses

E.g., let Clk period be 10 ns And we count 20,000 Clk pulses Then 200 microseconds have passed 16-bit counter would count up to 65,535*10 ns = 655.35 microsec., resolution = 10 ns Top: indicates top count reached, wrap-around

Counter: like a timer, but counts pulses on a general input signal rather than clock

Timer/counter Clk 2x1 mux 16-bit up counter 16 Cnt Top Reset Mode

e.g., count cars passing over a sensor Can often configure device as either a timer or counter

Cnt_in

Interval timer

16/32-bit timer Clk Timer with a terminal count Clk 16-bit up counter 16 Cnt 16-bit up counter Reset = Top Clk Terminal count Time with prescaler Prescaler 16-bit up counter 16 Cnt2 Top2 16-bit up counter 16 Cnt1 Top1

Indicates when desired time interval has passed We set terminal count to desired interval
Number

of clock cycles = Desired time interval / Clock period Cascaded counters Prescaler

Divides clock Increases range, decreases resolution

Mode

indicator light LCD

reactio n button time: 100 ms

/* main.c */ #define MS_INIT 63535 void main(void){ int count_milliseconds = 0; configure timer mode set Cnt to MS_INIT wait a random amount of time turn on indicator light start timer while (user has not pushed reaction button){ if(Top) { stop timer set Cnt to MS_INIT start timer reset Top count_milliseconds++; } } turn light off printf(time: %i ms, count_milliseconds); }

Measure time between turning light on and user pushing button

16-bit timer, clk period is 83.33 ns, counter increments every 6 cycles Resolution = 6*83.33=0.5 microsec. Range = 65535*0.5 microseconds = 32.77 milliseconds Want program to count millisec., so initialize counter to 65535 1000/0.5 = 63535

Must reset timer every X time unit, else timer generates a signal Common use: detect failure, self-reset Another use: timeouts

osc

prescaler

clk

scalereg

overflow

timereg

overflow

checkreg

to system reset or interrupt

e.g., ATM machine 16-bit timer, 2 milisec. resolution

/* main.c */ main(){ wait until card inserted call watchdog_reset_routine while(transaction in progress){ if(button pressed){ perform corresponding action call watchdog_reset_routine } /* if watchdog_reset_routine not called every < 2 minutes, interrupt_service_routine is called */ }

watchdog_reset_routine(){ /* checkreg is set so we can load value into timereg. Zero is loaded into scalereg and 11070 is loaded into timereg */ checkreg = 1 scalereg = 0 timereg = 11070 } void interrupt_service_routine(){ eject card reset screen }

UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

Takes parallel data and transmits serially Receives serial data and converts to parallel

0 1

1 0 1

embedd ed device

10011011 Sending UART bit start

10011011 Receiving UART dat a end bit

Parity: extra bit for simple error checking Start bit, stop bit Baud rate

signal changes per second bit rate usually higher

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Generates pulses with specific high/low times pwm_o Duty cycle: % time high

Square wave: 50% duty cycle

clk

Common use: control average voltage to electric device

25% duty cycle average pwm_o is 1.25V

Simpler than DC-DC converter or digital-analog converter DC motor speed, dimmer lights

pwm_o clk
50% duty cycle average pwm_o is 2.5V.

Another use: encode commands, receiver uses timer to decode

pwm_o clk
75% duty cycle average pwm_o is 3.75V.

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clk

clk_div controls how fast the counter increments

counter ( 0 254) 8-bit comparator

Input Voltage 0
pwm_o counter < cycle_high, pwm_o = 1 counter >= cycle_high, pwm_o = 0

% of Maximum Voltage Applied 0 50 75 100

RPM of DC Motor 0 1840 6900 9200

2.5 3.75 5.0

cycle_high

Relationship between applied voltage and speed of the DC Motor

Internal Structure of PWM

void main(void){ /* controls period */ PWMP = 0xff; /* controls duty cycle */ PWM1 = 0x7f; while(1){}; }

The PWM alone cannot drive the DC motor, a possible way to implement a driver is shown below using an MJE3055T NPN transistor. 5V

5V

A B

From process or

DC MOTOR

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E R/W R S DB7DB0 microcontroller 8 LCD controller

communication s bus

void WriteChar(char c){ RS = 1; DATA_BUS = c; EnableLCD(45); delay */ } /* indicate data being sent */ /* send data to LCD */ /* toggle the LCD with appropriate

CODES I/D = 1 cursor moves left I/D = 0 cursor moves right S = 1 with display shift S/C =1 display shift S/C = 0 cursor movement R/L = 1 shift to right R/L = 0 shift to left DL = 1 8-bit DL = 0 4-bit N = 1 2 rows N = 0 1 row F = 1 5x10 dots F = 0 5x7 dots

RS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

R/W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DB7 0 0 0 0 0 0

DB6 0 0 0 0 0 0

DB5 0 0 0 0 0 1

DB4 0 0 0 0 1 DL

DB3 0 0 0 1 S/C N

DB2 0 0 1 D R/L F

DB1 0 1 I/D C * *

DB0 1 * S B * *

Description Clears all display, return cursor home Returns cursor home Sets cursor move direction and/or specifies not to shift display ON/OFF of all display(D), cursor ON/OFF (C), and blink position (B) Move cursor and shifts display Sets interface data length, number of display lines, and character font Writes Data

WRITE DATA

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N1 N2 N3 N4 M1 M2 M3 M4 key_code

k_pressed

4 key_code

keypad controller

N=4, M=4

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Stepper motor: rotates fixed number of degrees when given a step signal

In contrast, DC motor just rotates when power applied, coasts to stop

Sequence 1 2 3 4 5
Vd A A GND Bias/Set Clk O|C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A + + +

B + + +

A + + 16 14 13 12 11 10 9

B + + Vm B B GND Phase A CW/CCW Full/Half Step

MC3479P 15

Rotation achieved by applying specific voltage sequence to coils Controller greatly simplifies this

Red White Yellow Black

A A B B

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/* main.c */

void main(void){ */turn the motor forward */ cw=0; /* set direction */ clk=0; delay(); clk=1; /* pulse clock */

MC3479P Stepper Motor Driver 10 7 2 A B 15 3 A B 14 CW/CCW CLK

sbit clk=P1^1; sbit cw=P1^0;

8051 P1.0 P1.1

void delay(void){ int i, j; for (i=0; i<1000; i++) for ( j=0; j<50; j++) i = i + 0; }

/*turn the motor backwards */ cw=1; /* set direction */ clk=0; delay(); clk=1; } /* pulse clock */

Stepper Motor

The output pins on the stepper motor driver do not provide enough current to drive the stepper motor. To amplify the current, a buffer is needed. One possible implementation of the buffers is pictured to the left. Q1 is an MJE3055T NPN transistor and Q2 is an MJE2955T PNP transistor. A is connected to the 8051 microcontroller and B is connected to the stepper motor.

1K
A

+V Q1
B

Q2 1K

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8051
P2.4 P2.3 P2.2 P2.1 P2.0 GND/ +V

/*main.c*/ sbit notA=P2^0; sbit isA=P2^1; sbit notB=P2^2; sbit isB=P2^3; sbit dir=P2^4; void delay(){ int a, b; for(a=0; a<5000; a++) for(b=0; b<10000; b++) a=a+0; } void move(int dir, int steps) { int y, z; /* clockwise movement */ if(dir == 1){ for(y=0; y<=steps; y++){ for(z=0; z<=19; z+4){ isA=lookup[z]; isB=lookup[z+1]; notA=lookup[z+2]; notB=lookup[z+3]; delay(); } } }

Steppe r Motor

A possible way to implement the buffers is located below. The 8051 alone cannot drive the stepper motor, so several transistors were added to increase the current going to the stepper motor. Q1 are MJE3055T NPN transistors and Q3 is an MJE2955T PNP transistor. A is connected to the 8051 microcontroller and B is connected to the stepper +V 1K motor. Q1
+V
A B

1K Q2

330

/* counter clockwise movement */ if(dir==0){ for(y=0; y<=step; y++){ for(z=19; z>=0; z - 4){ isA=lookup[z]; isB=lookup[z-1]; notA=lookup[z -2]; notB=lookup[z-3]; delay( ); } } } } void main( ){ int z; int lookup[20] = { 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 }; while(1){ /*move forward, 15 degrees (2 steps) */ move(1, 2); /* move backwards, 7.5 degrees (1step)*/ move(0, 1); } }

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5.0V 4.5V 4.0V 3.5V 3.0V 2.5V 2.0V 1.5V 1.0V 0.5V 0V

2 1 time

analog output (V)

analog input (V)

Vmax = 7.5V 7.0V 6.5V 6.0V 5.5V

1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000

4 3

4 3 2 1 time

t1

t2

t3

t4

t1

t2

t3

t4

0100 1000 0110 0101 Digital output

0100 1000 0110 0101 Digital input

proportionality

analog to digital

digital to analog

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Given an analog input signal whose voltage should range from 0 to 15 volts, and an 8-bit digital encoding, calculate the correct encoding for 5 volts. Then trace the successive-approximation approach to find the correct encoding. 5/15 = d/(28-1) d= 85 Encoding: 01010101

Successive-approximation method
(Vmx Vm ) = 7.5 volts a in Vmx = 7.5 volts. a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (5.63 + 4.69) = 5.16 volts Vmx = 5.16 volts. a 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

(7.5 + 0) = 3.75 volts Vm = 3.75 volts. in

(5.16 + 4.69) = 4.93 volts Vm = 4.93 volts. in

(7.5 + 3.75) = 5.63 volts Vmx = 5.63 volts a

(5.16 + 4.93) = 5.05 volts Vmx = 5.05 volts. a

(5.63 + 3.75) = 4.69 volts Vm = 4.69 volts. in

(5.05 + 4.93) = 4.99 volts