Flow Control Instructions

Course Code: CSC 2106 Course Title: Computer Organization and

Architecture

Dept. of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 6.1 Week No: 7 Semester: Fall 21-22

Lecturer: Syeda Anika Tasnim
[email protected]
Lecture Outline

Decision making and repeating statement

Jump and loop instructions

Algorithm conversion to assembly language

High-Level Language Structures

Jump and Loop
 Jump and Loop instructions transfers control to
another program

 The transfers can be unconditional or

 Depends on a particular combination of status flags

settings

 Conversion of algorithm is easier in assembly

Example of Jump

.MODEL SMALL PRINT_LOOP:

INT 21H
.STACK 100 INC DL
.DATA DEC CX
.CODE JNZ PRINT_LOOP
MAIN PROC MOV AH,4CH
MOV AH,2 INT 21H
MOV CX,256 MAIN ENDP
MOV DL,0 ;ASCII of null END MAIN
 JNZ (Jump if Not Zero)
JNZ is the instruction that controls loop.

If result of preceding instruction is not Zero Then the JNZ transfers the control to the
instruction at label PRINT_LOOP.

If the preceding instruction contains zero (i.e. CX=0) then the program goes to execute
DOS return instructions.

PRINT_LOOP is the first statement label

Labels are needed to refer another instruction

Labels end with colon (:)

Labels are placed on a line by themselves to make it stand out.

 Conditional Jumps
 JNZ is an example of Conditional Jump Instruction:

 JXXX destination_label

 if the condition for the jump is true, the next instruction to be executed is
at destination_label

 If condition is false, the instruction following the jump is done next.

 i.e. for JNZ if the preceding instruction is non-zero

Implementation of Conditional JUMP by
CPU
 The CPU looks at the FLAGS register (it reflects the result of last
thing that processor did)

 If the conditions for the jump (combination of status flag settings)

are true, the CPU adjusts the IP to point to the destination label.

 The instruction at this label will be done next.

 If the jump condition is false, then IP is not altered and naturally the
next instruction is performed.
Example(cont’d…)

In the previous example:

 The JNZ PRINT_LOOP is executed by inspecting ZF

 If ZF=0 then control is transferred to PRINT_LOOP and

continues

 If the ZF=1 then the program goes on to execute next (i.e.

MOV AH,4CH)
 CMP Instruction
 CMP destination , source

 Compares the destination with source by computing contents

 It computes by…

 destination contents - source contents

 The result is not stored but the FLAGS are affected

 The OPERANDS of CMP may not both be Memory Locations

 Destination may not be CONSTANT

 CMP is just like SUB. However result is not stored in destination.

 Signed Conditional Jumps

JG or • Jump if Greater than ZF = 0 and

JNLE • Jump if Not Less than or Equal to SF = OF

JGE or • Jump if Greater than or Equal to

SF = OF
JNL • Jump if Not less than or Equal to

JL or • Jump if less than

SF<>OF
JNGE • Jump if not greater than or equal

JLE or • Jump if less than or Equal

JNG • Jump if not greater than ZF = 1 or SF<> OF
 Unsigned Conditional Jumps

JA or • Jump if Above ZF = 0 and

JNBE • Jump if Not Below or Equal to CF = 0

JAE or • Jump if Above or Equal to CF = 0

JNB • Jump if Not Below

JB or • Jump if Below CF = 1
JNAE • Jump if not Above or Equal

JBE or • Jump if Below or Equal

JNA • Jump if Not Above CF=1 or ZF = 1
 Single-Flag Jumps
JE or • Jump if Equal
JZ • Jump if equal to Zero ZF = 1

JNE or • Jump if Not Equal

JNZ • Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0

JC • Jump if Carry CF = 1
CF = 0
JNC • Jump if no Carry CF=0
JO • Jump if Overflow CF=1 or ZF = 1
JNO • Jump if No Overflow OF=1
JS Jump if Sign Negative SF = 1
JNS Jump if Non-Negative Sign SF =0
JP/JPE Jump if Parity Even PF=1
JNP/JPO Jump if parity Odd PF=1
 Conditional Jumps
Interpretation
 Signed JUMPs correspond to an analogous unsigned JUMPs (i.e. JG is equivalent to JA)

 Signed jump’s operates on ZF, SF and OF

 Unsigned JUMP’s operates on ZF and CF

 Using wrong kind of JUMP can lead to wrong results. For example: for AX= 7FFFh and BX= 8000h

 CMP AX,BX

 JA BELOW

 Even though 7FFFh>8000h in a signed sense, the program does not jump to label BELOW. Because

 In unsigned sense (JA) 7FFFh < 8000h

Working with Characters

 To deal with ASCII character set, either Signed or Unsigned

jumps may be used.

i.e. sign bit of a byte in a character is always zero.

 However, while comparing extended ASCII characters (80h to

FFh ), UNSIGNED jumps should be used
JMP Instruction
 JMP instruction causes an unconditional transfer of control.

JMP destination

 Destination is usually a label in the same segment as the JMP

itself. [ref: appendix - F]

 To get around the range of restriction of a conditional jump,

JMP can be used.
 JMP Vs JNZ
TOP:
TOP: DEC CX

JNZ BOTTOM ; keep looping till CX>0

DEC CX
JMP EXIT

JNZ TOP BOTTOM:

JMP TOP
MOV AX,BX EXIT:
MOV AX,BX
 High-Level Language
Structures

 Jump can be used to implement branches and loops

 As the Jump is so primitive, it is difficult to code an algorithm

with jumps without some guidelines.

 The High-level languages (conditional IF-ELSE and While loops)

can be simulated in assembly.
Branching Structures
 Branching structures enable a program to take different paths,
depending on conditions.

 Here, We will look at three structures.

1. 1. IF-THEN

2. 2. IF-THEN-ELSE

3. 3. CASE
IF-THEN

IF condition is true.

THEN

execute true-branch
statements

END_IF
 A Pseudo Code , Algorithm
and Code for IF-THEN
• The condition is an expression that is either true or false.
• lf It is true, the true-branch statements are executed.
• lf It is false, nothing is done, and the program goes on to whatever
follows.
• Example: to Replace a number in AX by its absolute value…

IF AX < 0 CMP AX, 0

THEN JNL END_IF
replace AX by -AX NEG AX
END_IF END_IF:
 IF-THEN-ELSE

IF condition is true

THEN
execute true-branch
statements

ELSE

execute false-branch
statements

END_IF
 A Pseudo Code and algorithm and Code for
IF-THEN-ELSE
• The condition is an expression that is either true or false.
• If It is true, the true-branch statements are executed.
• If It is false then False-branch statements are executed.
• Example: Suppose AL and BL contain extended ASCII characters. Display the one
that comes first in the character sequence…
MOV AH,2
CMP AL,BL ;AL<=BL ?
IF AL <= BL JNBE ELSE_
THEN MOV DL,AL
Display the character in AL JMP DISPLAY
ELSE ELSE_:
Display the character in BL MOV DL,BL
END IF DISPLAY:
INT 2lh
 CASE
A CASE is a multi-way branch structure that tests a register, variable, or expression for
particular values or a range of values.
CASE Expression

Values_1:
Statement_1

Values_2:
Statement_2

… Values_n:
Statement_n

END_CASE
 CASE
• Example: If AX contains a negative number, put -1 in BX; if AX contains 0,
put 0 in BX; and if AX contains a positive number, put 1 in BX.
CMP AX,O
JL NEGATIVE
JE ZERO
CASE AX JG POSITIVE
<0 : put -1 in BX NEGATIVE:
=0 : put 0 in BX MOV BX,-1
>0 : put +l in BX JMP END_CASE
ZERO:
END_CASE
MOV BX,0
JMP END_CASE
POSITIVE:
MOV BX, l
END_CASE:
Solve the Following

• If AL contains 1 or 3, display "o"; if AL

contains 2 or 4, display "e".
 CASE AL

1,3: display ‘o’

2,4: display ‘e’

END_CASE
References

• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC, Ytha Yu

and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-2).

• https://www.slideshare.net/prodipghoshjoy/flow-control-instructions-6060
2372
Books

• Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the IBM PC, Ytha

Yu and Charles Marut, McGraw Hill, 1992. (ISBN: 0-07-072692-2).

• Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, (Third Edition),

Linda Null and Julia Lobur

• W. Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for

performance”, 67h Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2003, ISBN 81 – 203 –
2962 – 7

• Computer Organization and Architecture by John P. Haynes.