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Lecture 2 Aggregtaes

The document discusses various types of aggregates used in asphalt mixtures and their properties. It describes aggregate production methods including quarrying, crushing, transportation, stockpiling, and sampling. Key points are that aggregates constitute 95% of asphalt mixtures and their quality impacts the mixture. Desirable aggregate properties include hardness, durability, shape and gradation. The document outlines testing methods to evaluate aggregate properties like abrasion resistance and soundness.

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Renukadevi Rpt
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42 views

Lecture 2 Aggregtaes

The document discusses various types of aggregates used in asphalt mixtures and their properties. It describes aggregate production methods including quarrying, crushing, transportation, stockpiling, and sampling. Key points are that aggregates constitute 95% of asphalt mixtures and their quality impacts the mixture. Desirable aggregate properties include hardness, durability, shape and gradation. The document outlines testing methods to evaluate aggregate properties like abrasion resistance and soundness.

Uploaded by

Renukadevi Rpt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

Aggregates
• Usually refers to a soil that has in some
way been processed or sorted.

• A critical element in HMA. As a rule of


thumb, aggregate constitutes 95% of HMA.
What impacts aggregate quality?
• Type
– Sedimentary
– Igneous
– Metamorphic
– Natural
• Production Methods
– Shear Crushing (Cone)
– Impact (Hammermill)
– Jaw
Aggregate Types
• Sedimentary
 Formed by either the deposition of insoluble residue
(disintegration of existing rocks) or from deposition of
inorganic remains of marine life.
– Limestones, chalks (calcareous)
– Sandstone, chert (siliceous)
– Shale (argillaceous)
• Igneous
 Formed by the cooling of molten rock magma as it moves
toward or on the earth’s surface.
– Basalt
– Granite
Aggregate Types (cont.)
• Metamorphic
 Changed the form of Sedimentary or Igneous rocks by heat and
pressure.
– Gneiss from granite
– Marble from limestone
– Dolomite from shale
• Natural gravels and natural sands
 Breakdown of natural rocks
• Slag
 Byproduct of metallurgical processing
• Steel
• Copper
• Tin
Chemical Properties
• Do not want to be soluble in water

• Chemistry can impact test results


(i.e. ignition oven)

• Can affect asphalt-aggregate adhesion


Desirable Physical Properties

• Hardness, toughness
• Durability, soundness
• Resistance to stripping, moisture damage
(affinity for asphalt)
• Surface Texture for skid resistance
• Particle shape
• Size and Gradation
• Absorption
Quarry Operations and
Aggregate Processing
• Excavation
• Crushing
• Transportation
• Sizing
• Washing
Quarry Operations
• Produce the desired product size and
shape efficiently.
• Reduce the largest size of rock.
• Capacity to handle peak loads.
• Minimize down time
– Choking and plugging
– Uncrushable material
• Minimum number of personnel.
• Minimize maintenance of equipment.
• Low power demand for finished product.
Excavation
* Natural sands and gravels
- Underwater sources
+ Rivers & lakes
+ Barge-mounted dredges, draglines,
scoop, conveyors, or pumps
+ Relatively clean
- Land sources
+ Gravel or sand pits
+ Bucket loader
Excavation
Excavation

* Crushed stone and rock


- Rock depths < 15 m, overburden washed
out during processing

- Rock depths > 15 m, remove overburden


+ Soil stripped with bulldozers
and scrapers

- Blasting required
Excavation
Crushing
Crushing
River Gravel Partially Crushed
River Gravel
Shear Crushing (Cone)
Impact (Vertical Shaft)
Jaw Crushing
Roller Crushing
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Sizing
Stockpiling
* Prevent segregation and contamination
* Good stockpiling = uniform gradations
- Short drop distances
- Minimize moving
- Don't use "single cone" method
- Separate stockpiles
Stockpiling
Sampling
• Why Sampling Is Important
– To evaluate the potential quality of a proposed
aggregate source.
• Does new source meet aggregate
specifications?
– To determine compliance with project
specification requirements.
• Do current aggregates meet specifications?
Sampling from Stockpile

Sampling from Fine


Aggregate Stockpile
Sampling from Conveyor
Source Aggregate Properties

Toughness
Soundness
Deleterious Materials
Gradation
Definitions
* Coarse Aggregate
- Retained on 4.75 mm (No. 4) ASTM D692
- Retained on 2.38 mm (No. 8) Asphalt Institute
- Retained on 2.00 mm (No. 10) HMA Book

* Fine Aggregate.
- Passing 4.75 mm (No. 4) ASTM D1073
- Passing 2.38 mm (No. 8) Asphalt Institute

* Mineral Filler
- At least 70% Pass. 0.075 mm ASTM D242
Toughness
* Los Angeles Abrasion (AASHTO T96, ASTM C131):
Resistance of coarse agg to abrasion and
mechanical degradation during handling,
construction and use

* Aggregate at standard gradation subjected to


damage by rolling with prescribed number of steel
balls in large drum for a given number of rotations

* Result expressed as % changes in original weight


LA Abrasion Test

- Approx. 10% loss for extremely hard igneous rocks


- Approx. 60% loss for soft limestones and sandstones
Soundness
* Estimates resistance to weathering .

* Simulates freeze/thaw action by successively wetting


and drying aggregate in sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate solution
+ One immersion and drying is considered one
cycle

* Result is total percent loss over various sieve intervals


for a prescribed number of cycles
+ Max. loss values typically range from
10 to 20%per 5 cycles
Soundness
Soundness

Before After
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles
ASTM C 142

Dries a given mass of agg., then soaks for 24


hr., and each particle is rubbed. A washed
sieve is then performed over several screens,
the aggregate dried, and the percent loss is
reported as the % clay or friable particles.
Gradations

• Aggregate Gradation
– The distribution of particle sizes expressed as
a percent of total weight.
– Determined by sieve analysis
Steps in Gradation Analysis

• Part 1 - Washed sieve analysis


– Dry aggregate and determine mass
– Wash and decant water through 0.075
mm sieve until water is clear
– Dry aggregate to a constant mass
Washed Sieve
Steps in Gradation Analysis

Part 2 - Mechanical sieve analysis


– Place dry aggregate in standard stack of
sieves
– Place sieve stack in mechanical shaker
– Determine mass of aggregate retained on
each sieve
Mechanical Sieve

Individual Sieve Stack of Sieves


Mechanical Sieve

Stack in
Mechanical
Shaker
Gradations - Computation
Sieve Mass Cumulative
Retained Mass Retained % Retained % Passing

9.5 0.0
4.75 6.5
2.36 127.4
1.18 103.4
0.60 72.8
0.30 64.2
0.15 60.0
0.075 83.0
Pan 22.4
Gradations - Computing

Cum. Wt Retained
% Retained = * 100
Original Dry Wt.

% Passing = [ 1 - Cum. Wt Retained


Original Dry Wt.
] * 100
Gradations - Computation
Sieve Mass Cumulative
Retained Mass Retained % Retained % Passing

9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0


4.75 6.5 6.5 1.2 98.9
2.36 127.4 133.9 24.8 75.2
1.18 103.4 237.3 44.0 56.0
0.60 72.8 310.1 57.5 42.6
0.30 64.2 374.3 69.4 30.6
0.15 60.0 434.3 80.5 19.5
0.075 83.0 517.3 95.8 4.2
Pan 22.4 539.7 100.0 0.0

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