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Timber Support1

The document discusses various topics related to timber, including its properties, seasoning, and support types. It describes the key properties of timber like strength, density, thermal properties, and durability. It outlines the purposes and types of seasoning timber, including natural/air and kiln drying. Finally, it details different methods of timber support for mining, such as one-piece, two-piece, three-piece, blocking and wedging, and square sets.

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Wajid Hussain
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44 views

Timber Support1

The document discusses various topics related to timber, including its properties, seasoning, and support types. It describes the key properties of timber like strength, density, thermal properties, and durability. It outlines the purposes and types of seasoning timber, including natural/air and kiln drying. Finally, it details different methods of timber support for mining, such as one-piece, two-piece, three-piece, blocking and wedging, and square sets.

Uploaded by

Wajid Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bushra Nawaz

Deptt:mining
11PWMINo639
Over view
 Timber
 Properties
 Seasoning
 Reason of seasoning
 Types of seasoning
 Types of timber support
Timber
Properties

 Strength
 Density
 Thermal properties
 Durability
 Fire resistance
 Insulation
 Hardness
 Anisotropy
 Color variation
1-STRENGHT:

 A stick of mine timber, due to cellular nature of wood


may be considered as a bundle of parallel tubes.
 It resist pressure against the ends much better than
pressure brought against sides.
 Strong end pressure on a stick will cause it to split length
wise.
 Pressure against sides will squeeze the wood.
2-DENSITY:

 Density of clear wood is often a good criteria for its


strength.
 For example; if the wood is more denser it will resist more
load/stresses over it.
 If the wood is less denser it will not with stand with more
load.
3-THERMAL PROPERTIES:

 Although Timber is poor conductor of heat but the denser


timber are better conductor than lighter timber.
 Timber expand when heated but this is offset by reduction
in section resulting from loss of moisture.
4-DURABILITY:

 Timber does not corrode.


 It is however subjected to chemical & fungal attacks.
 Timber durability varies depending on wood species.
 If the timber is kept dry then decay should not be a
problem.
5-FIRE RESISTANCE:

 Timber compares favorable with other construction


material in terms of fire resistance.
 Small timber section may ignite easily and reduce to ash.
 However larger sections have significant resistance to fire.
 The reason is that initially the surface is in contact with
flame burn to charcoal which resist the further spread of
flame.
6-INSULATION:

 Timber is natural insulator.


 Air pockets within its cellular structure make timber a
natural barrier to heatr.
7-HARDNESS:

 Hardness in timber refers to the difficulty in sawing 7


planking.
 It resist wear, abrasion and also resist to indentation.
8-ANISOTROPY:

 It is the property which states variation with change in


direction .
 For example; timber strength vary as its direction
changes.
 Like it resist more pressure in vertical direction as
compared to horizontally.
9-COLOR VARIATION:

 Most timber shows variation in color between species and


with in species.
 Color description usually relates to heartwood(dark color)
and sap wood(light color).
 Light & weather all affect color.
Timber Seasoning
Seasoning
 Seasoning is controlled process of reducing moisture
content (MC).
 Aim is to dry out the wood to a suitable moisture content
(20% or less)
 When timber first felled it is known as green timber
(50%vmoisture content)
Purpose of Seasoning:
 Suitable to environment & intended use.
 Prevent a lot of fungal & insect attacks.
 Prevent splitting.
 After seasoning timber is easier to work with because it is
lighter, harder & stronger.
 Resistance to decay
 Long life
Types of seasoning
Types:
The drying of timber can be achieved by two methods:
1-Natural/Air Seasoning
2-Artifical Seasoning
-kiln
-chemical
-electrical
Natural/Air Seasoning:
 Timber is dried by direct action of wind, air & sun.
 In this method, timber logs are arranged one over the
other, keeping some space or distance b/w them for air
circulation.
 Generally this type of seasoning requires few months to
over years.
 Slow process.
Kiln seasoning:
 Timber is placed in chamber with some heating
arrangement.
 Heating system should be under control otherwise timber
will be crack or wrap.
 Quick process.
Timber support
Types:
 One-piece set
 Two-piece set
 Three-piece set
 Blocking & wedging
 Square set
 Shaft set
One-Piece Set:
 This consist of single stack of timber called “post, stull,
prop”.
 Post & prop are applied to vertical & stull to inclined
timber or those placed horizontally.
 Post is placed in hitch , a hardboard is put over the top &
wedge are driven.
 Wedge is added to tightened the post in place.
One-Piece Set
Two-Piece Set:
 Consist of a cap and single post.
 For loose ground & that must be supported from side.
 Lagging commonly of 2in board are used.
 If the boards touch each other it is called “tight lagging”.
 If they are few inches apart, called open lagging.
Two-Piece Set
Three & Four-Set
 For the ground that requires greater support.
 The post are spread a part at the bottom to give greater
stability.
 In narrow and steeply dipping veins the greatest pressure
is usually from side walls, but in drifts & crosscuts the
pressure may be vertical, lateral or both.
 Sills are necessary where level is to be caught up from
below.
 Sets are made of 8-in, 10-in or 12-in timber, which may
be round or square.
 Lagging may be 2-in,3-in or 4-in thick.
Three-piece Set
Three-Piece Set
Four-Piece Set
Square-set Timbering
Square-set

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