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Public Ad (Lecture10) Organization

This document discusses different theories of organization: 1. Mechanistic/structural functional theory views organization as a formal structure based on principles of efficiency. It takes a mechanistic view and ignores human factors. 2. Humanistic theory emphasizes the importance of informal groups and interpersonal relationships. It reacts against viewing people mechanistically. 3. Bureaucratic theory, developed by Max Weber, aims to maximize efficiency through specialization, hierarchy, and standardized rules/procedures. However, it ignores the human element. 4. System theory sees organizations as open systems that import/export resources and adapt to the environment through feedback. Administrative organizations have interrelated subsystems that work together as a

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41 views

Public Ad (Lecture10) Organization

This document discusses different theories of organization: 1. Mechanistic/structural functional theory views organization as a formal structure based on principles of efficiency. It takes a mechanistic view and ignores human factors. 2. Humanistic theory emphasizes the importance of informal groups and interpersonal relationships. It reacts against viewing people mechanistically. 3. Bureaucratic theory, developed by Max Weber, aims to maximize efficiency through specialization, hierarchy, and standardized rules/procedures. However, it ignores the human element. 4. System theory sees organizations as open systems that import/export resources and adapt to the environment through feedback. Administrative organizations have interrelated subsystems that work together as a

Uploaded by

Hafiz Farrukh Ishaq Ishaq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ORGANIZATION

PRESENTED BY: MISHAL AKRAM


Definition

According to L.D. White, “Organization is an


arrangement of personnel for facilitating the
accomplishment of some agreed purpose, through
allocation of functions and responsibilities.”
Introduction

 Significant place in the modern complex public administration.


 It is an important vehicle through which the social objectives of
government are fulfilled.
 Proper organization helps the smooth running of
administration.
 Provides an opportunity to employees to direct and coordinate
their efforts
 Provides channel of communication, command and
coordination.
Types of Organization

 There are two types of organizations:

1. Formal (refers to materials and methods)


2. Informal (refers to men or individuals)
Theories of Organization

 Growing day by day in number and size.


 In context of Public Administration, enables us to understand
how public agencies function and how people behave in
them.
 There are 4 theories of organization:
1. Mechanistic or structural function theory
2. Humanistic or social psychological theory
3. Bureaucratic Theory
4. System Theory
Mechanistic or Structural Functional
Theory

 Also known as classical or administrative management


theory.
 Flourished during first half of 20th century and reached its
peak in 1930’s when Gullick published his papers and gave
the acronym, “PODSCoRB.”
 Organization is a formal design or plan drawn according to
certain principles.
 Theory is based on 2 principles:
 There is a body of scientific principles according to
which the organization is set up.
 The personnel must meet the requirements of this pre
occupational plan.
 The scientific principles are: Chain of command, span
of control, line of authority, coordination, integration,
delegation and decentralization.
 Characteristics:
 Organization is a formal structure.
 Efficiency is the most important value for organizations.
 Organizations are structured on 4 principles:
1. Purpose they serve
2. People they deal with
3. Process they use
4. Place where the work is performed
 Design of the administrative structure is primary.
 No scope for personal relations.
 Large organizational structure.
 Criticism:
 Takes into account only formal relations in an
organization and ignores informal.
 Takes a mechanistic view and ignores the dynamic of
individual initiative.
 Men can’t be changed to suit the jobs.
 Unrelated to social and political problems.
Humanistic Theory

 Arose as a reaction against the mechanistic theory in


1930’s.
 Famous experiment of Hawthorne of Western Electric
Company.
 The experiment established that the essential nature
of organization is humanistic.
 Organization shall design its objectives taking their
staff needs into account.
 Characteristics:
 Role of informal groups is necessary for a healthy organization.
 An individual doesn’t operate in isolation.
 Job environment is important for efficiency.
 Democratic leadership.
 Human needs are studied and goals are pursued that fulfill
these needs.
 Interdependence is a key factor.
 Flat organizational structure.
 Criticism:
 Over emphasis on informal relations.
 Ignores the group domination of members of an
informal group.
Bureaucratic Theory

 This model was first developed by Max Weber.


 According to him, every organization can be defined
as a structure of activities directed towards the
achievement of objectives.
 Maximize efficiency and productivity through
specialization and systematic rules and procedures.
 Characteristics:
 Division of labor
 Hierarchy
 Written Rules
 Rationality
 Impersonality
 Neutrality
 Selection on merit
 Criticism:
 Role of human beings is ignored.
 Very rigid and inflexible.
 Leads to delays
 Over emphasis on rules and regulations rather than goals
and objectives.
 Leads to class consciousness.
 Inefficiency
 Misuse of power
System Theory

 It is the development of recent years and emerged in


1960’s.
 System is any kind of interrelated and interdependent
parts unified into a whole.
 Characteristics of system:
 System is made up of several parts.
 The parts are interrelated.
 Parts are interdependent.
 The system has boundaries and purpose.
 Classified into:
 Closed system: Does not interact with environment.
 Open system: Does interact with environment.

 Administrative organizations are open system.


 Characteristics:
 Seeks and import resources in human and material form.
 Transform inputs into outputs through technical process.
 Exports products to external environment.
 Patterned activities.
 Variety of mechanisms to work efficiently.
 Important role of feedback.
 Adapts to any changes in environment.
 The various related parts in a system are called sub
systems. Following are the sub systems:
 Production Subsystem
 Supportive Subsystem
 Maintenance Subsystem
 Adaptive Subsystem
 Managerial Subsystem
 Criticism:
 Mixture of all the theories. Not opposed to any other
theory.

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