Subject name :Basic Computer Engineering

Subject Code : BT 205

FOR CS/IT

By: Prof. Vivek Rawat

SIRT CSIT
Contact No. 9584475174 (WA)
9755565641
Difference between system and application software

1. System software is used for operating computer hardware.

Application software is used by user to perform specific task.
2. System software are installed on the computer when operating
system is installed. Application software are installed according
to user’s requirements.
3. In general, the user does not interact with system software
because it works in the background. In general, the user
interacts with application software .
4. System software can run independently. It provides platform for
running application software. Application software can’t run
independently. They can’t run without the presence of system
software.
5. Some examples of system software are compiler, assembler,
debugger, driver, etc. Some examples of application software are
word processor, web browser, media player, etc.
 Language Processor
Assembler (computing), a computer program which
translates assembly language to an object file or machine
language format.
 A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs)
that transforms source code written in a programming
language (the source language) into another computer
language (the target language), with the latter often
having a binary form known as object code.
In computer science, an interpreter is a computer
program that directly executes, i.e. performs, instructions
written in a programming or scripting language, without
previously compiling them into a machine language
program.
 High-level language

 high-level language is a computer programming

language that isn't limited by the computer, designed
for a specific job, and is easier to understand. It is more
like human language and less like machine language.
 The first high-level languages were introduced in the
1950's. Today, high-level languages are in widespread
use. These include BASIC, C, C++, Cobol, FORTRAN,
Java, Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Visual Basic.
Low-level language and assembly language

A low-level language is a programming language that

provides little or no abstraction of programming
concepts and is very close to writing actual
machine instructions.
Programs written in assembly languages
are compiled by an assembler. Every assembler has its
own assembly language, which is designed for one
specific computer  architecture.
Memory is an essential element of a computer. Without its
memory, a computer is of hardly any use. Memory plays an
important role in saving and retrieving data. The performance
of the computer system depends upon the size of the memory.
Memory is of following types:
1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory.
2. Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory.
1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory: Primary Memory is
internal memory of the computer. RAM AND ROM both form
part of primary memory. The primary memory provides main
working space to the computer.
 CPU
 Registers: The CPU processes data and instructions with high speed;
there is also movement of data between various units of computer. It
is necessary to transfer the processed data with high speed. So the
computer uses a number of special memory units called registers.
They are not part of the main memory but they store data or
information temporarily and pass it on as directed by the control unit
 RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM): The primary storage is
referred to as random access memory (RAM) because it is
possible to randomly select and use any location of the
memory directly store and retrieve data. It takes same time to
any address of the memory as the first address. It is also called
read/write memory. The storage of data and instructions inside
the primary storage is temporary. It disappears from RAM as
soon as the power to the computer is switched off. The
memories, which lose their content on failure of power supply,
are known as volatile memories .So now we can say that RAM
is volatile memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM): The primary storage is
referred to as random access memory (RAM) because it is
possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory
directly store and retrieve data.
 It takes same time to any address of the memory as the first
address. It is also called read/write memory.
The storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is
temporary. It disappears from RAM as soon as the power to the
computer is switched off.
The memories, which lose their content on failure of power
supply, are known as volatile memories .So now we can say that
RAM is volatile memory.
 SRAM is an acronym for Static Random Access Memory. The basic
architecture of SRAM includes one or more rectangular arrays of memory
cells with support circuitry to decode addresses and implement the required
read and write operations. Additional support circuitry for special features
such as burst operation or pipelined reads may be present on the memory
chip.
 DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is not as fast as SRAM but is cheaper and is used
for main memory. Each bit uses a single capacitor and single transistor
circuit. Since capacitors lose their charge, DRAM needs to be refreshed
every few milliseconds. The memory system does this transparently. There
are many implementations of DRAM, two well-known ones are SDRAM
and DDR SDRAM.
 SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) is a form of DRAM that is synchronised
with the clock of the CPU‟s system bus, sometimes called the front-side bus
(FSB)
DDR SDRAM (Double-Data Rate SDRAM) is an optimisation
of SDRAM that allows data to be transferred on both the rising
edge and falling edge of a clock signal, effectively doubling the
amount of data that can be transferred in a period of time
Read Only Memory (ROM): There is another memory in
computer, which is called Read Only Memory (ROM). Again it
is the ICs inside the PC that form the ROM. The storage of
program and data in the ROM is permanent.
The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied
by the manufacturers to operate the personal computer.
The ROM can only be read by the CPU but it cannot be
changed. The basic input/output program is stored in the ROM
that examines and initializes various equipment attached to the
PC when the power switch is ON. The memories, which do not
lose their content on failure of power supply, are known as non-
volatile memories. ROM is non-volatile memory.
PROM: There is another type of primary memory in computer,
which is called Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM).
You know that it is not possible to modify or erase programs
stored in ROM, but it is possible for you to store your program
in PROM chip.
Once the programmers’ are written it cannot be changed and
remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore programs
or instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased or
changed.
EPROM: This stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory, which overcome the problem of PROM & ROM.
EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the
information stored earlier in it.
 Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time
ultraviolet light and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a
special programming facility. When the EPROM is in use
information can only be read.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM). As the name implies
the contents of EEPROMs are erased electrically.
Cache Memory: The speed of CPU is extremely high
compared to the access time of main memory. Therefore the
performance of CPU decreases due to the slow speed of main
memory.
 To decrease the mismatch in operating speed, a small memory
chip is attached between CPU and Main memory whose access
time is very close to the processing speed of CPU. It is called
CACHE memory. CACHE memories are accessed much faster
than conventional RAM.
It is used to store programs or data currently being executed or
temporary data frequently used by the CPU. So each memory
makes main memory to be faster and larger than it really is. It
is also very expensive to have bigger size of cache memory
and its size is normally kept small.
 Registers: The CPU processes data and instructions with high speed;
there is also movement of data between various units of computer. It
is necessary to transfer the processed data with high speed. So the
computer uses a number of special memory units called registers.
They are not part of the main memory but they store data or
information temporarily and pass it on as directed by the control unit.
 2. Secondary Memory / Non-Volatile Memory:  Secondary
memory is external and permanent in nature. The secondary memory
is concerned with magnetic memory. Secondary memory can be
stored on storage media like floppy disks, magnetic disks, magnetic
tapes, This memory can also be stored optically on Optical disks -
CD-ROM.
Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tapes are used for large
computers like mainframe computers where large
volume of data is stored for a longer time.
 In PC also you can use tapes in the form of
cassettes.
The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive.
Tapes consist of magnetic materials that store data
permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide
plastic film-type and 500 meter to 1200 meter long
which is coated with magnetic material. The deck
is connected to the central processor and
information is fed into or read from the tape
through the processor. It’s similar to cassette tape
recorder.
Optical Disk: With every new application and
software there is greater demand for memory
capacity. It is the necessity to store large volume of
data that has led to the development of optical disk
storage medium.
1 bit
8 bit 1 byte
1024 bytes 1 Kilo Byte
1024 Kilo Byte 1 Mega Byte
1024 Mega Byte 1 Giga Byte
1024 Giga Byte 1 Terra Byte
1024 Terra Byte 1 Peta Byte
1024 Peta Byte 1 Exa byte
1024 Exa Byte 1 Zetta Byte
1024 Zetta Byte 1 Yotta Byte
1024 Yotta Byte 1 Bronto Byte
1024 Brnto Byte 1 Geop Byte
 Hardware/Software
Software
It represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a
computer system and makes hardware run.
Categorized into two parts:
 Application Software
 It is a program used for accomplishing specific task on computer, such as

playing a video, or writing a report etc. Examples are VLC media player,
Microsoft Office, Adobe reader etc. It resides over a system program.
 System Software
 It is a large program which acts as a backbone of a computer system. It

acts as resource manager. It manages and runs hardware attached. It is

also known as Operating system. Eg are Windows, Linux, Solaris,
Macintosh etc.
 Computer Applications
Computer in Business:
Present scenario is an example of integration of information and
communication technology (ICT) in business.
Use of computers and information technology in business has
revolutionized the business productivity and profit margins drastically.
Use of information and communication technology enhances following
business process:
Production process: Automation and Computerization of production process
has changed whole scenario.
Management process: Internal management, training, recruitment processes.
Supply chain management: Involvement of Information and communication
technology in demand and supply process eases the customer /supplier
hassles.
 Computer Applications
Computers in Bio-Informatics:
Bio-Informatics is the science of using information to
understand Biology.
Also known as Computational biology, the application
of quantitative analytical techniques in modeling
biological systems.
It is the science of developing computer databases and
algorithms to facilitate biological research.
 Computer Applications
Computers in Health-care
Computers have become essential in almost every aspect of
healthcare.
All health care services have gained a greater ability to treat,
diagnose and care for patients with the help of computers.
Use of computers in health care is diversified and can be
illustrated as:
Report diagnosis.
Production of drugs.
Hospital management system.
Technologically advance diagnostic tools.
Tele medicine etc.
 Computer Applications
Computers in Remote Sensing & GIS
Remote sensing is science of gathering of data without
actual contact with the materials or objects being studied.
GIS(Geographic Information System) is a software tool for
mapping and analyzing any object on earth, from forest
land to urban landscape, Earthquake faults, tennis courts,
oil rigs etc.
Both system uses computer technological ability
extensively to study, evaluate and produce respective
prediction and results.
 Computer Applications
Computers in Meteorology & Climatology
Meteorology studies changes in weather, the state of
atmospheric properties for a given location.
Climatology examines weather properties over a
period of time for a location.
The calculations involved in climatology and
meteorology are enormous. Thus accurate and
effective tool like Computer is needed to record,
process, manipulate and analyze the data.
 Computer Applications
Computers in Animation, Multimedia, Gaming
Multimedia is combination of more than one media into
an information source or presentation. It is capability of
integrating two or more types of media.
Animation deals with generation, sequence and display of
a set of images to create an effect of visual motion.
With advent of computer animation and multimedia
technology, computer gaming found its place in todays life.
All the above said areas are not possible to imagine
without existence of computers.
e- Business OR e-COMMERCE
e- Business OR e-COMMERCE
It refers to the buying and selling of products or
service over the Internet and other computer network.
It refers the entire online process of developing,
marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for
the product or service.
Modern electronic- commerce uses the WWW.
E-COMMERCE that takes place between business is
referred as Business-to-Business(B2B).
Advantages of e-COMMERCE
Save lots of time and bring more customers.
We are able to access services 24 hours a day and 365
days of a year.
It reduces amount of paperwork.
BIO-INFORMATICS
BIO-INFORMATICS
It is the combination of biology and information
technology.
It refers to the computational tools and methods used
to manages, analyzed and manipulate large sets of
biological data.
It deals with the management and analysis of DNA,
RNA, Proteins etc.
 BIOMOLECULES

ENVIRONMENT DNA

ORGANIS
RNA
MS BIOINFORMATI
CS

CELLS PROTIENS

SIGNALLING
NETWORK
Computers are important in Bio-informatics for 2
reasons:
1. Many bioinformatics problems require the some
tasks to be repeated million of times.
2. Computers are required for their problem solving
power
REMOTE SENSING
It is the process of collecting information about
an object on earth without making physical
contact with the object.
It is widely used for gathering of information
about the places from a distance.
Remote sensing is widely used by the geologist
for identifying an areas rock type, natural
events such as flood or land slides, fisheries,
forestry etc.
Advantages of remote sensing
It make it possible to gather information about
inaccessible area where it is not possible to
gather information through ground survey.
This technique save times and efforts as
information about large area can be gathered
quickly.
Gis(Geographic Information System)
It is the software tool that can input, store, retrieve,
analyzed and displayed geographical information.
Function of GIS:
1. Data pre-processing, manipulation and retrieval
2. Data analysis
3. Data display
4. Database management
 ERDAS Imagine, ESRI, Map Info, ER MAPPER
Are the most common software used in remote
sensing.

Major components of GIS

Other applications
Computer in metrology and climatology
Computer in gaming
Computer in animation and multimedia.