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GE3 Mathematics in The Modern World: Rina A. Guingab, LPT

Sets can be represented using the roster or rule method. A set is a collection of elements or members. Basic set operations include union, intersection, complement, difference, symmetric difference, Cartesian product and power set. Cardinality refers to the number of elements in a set. There are different types of sets such as finite, infinite, empty, unit, universal, subset, proper subset, equal and disjoint sets.

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28 views

GE3 Mathematics in The Modern World: Rina A. Guingab, LPT

Sets can be represented using the roster or rule method. A set is a collection of elements or members. Basic set operations include union, intersection, complement, difference, symmetric difference, Cartesian product and power set. Cardinality refers to the number of elements in a set. There are different types of sets such as finite, infinite, empty, unit, universal, subset, proper subset, equal and disjoint sets.

Uploaded by

Christian Farnacio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GE 3

Mathematics in the Modern


World
RINA A. GUINGAB, LPT
Language of Sets
▪ Set theory – branch of mathematics that
studies sets or the mathematical science of
the infinite
▪ Georg Cantor
▪ Set – well-defined collection of objects
– Elements or members – objects
– ∈ - an object is an element of a set
– ∉ - an object is not an element of a set
▪ Two ways to represent sets: (1) roster method, and
(2) rule method
– Roster method – elements of the set are enumerated or
separated by a comma (tabulation method)
– E = {a, e, i, o, u}
▪ Rule method – used to describe the elements or
members of the set (set-builder notation)
– E = {x|x is a collection of vowel letters}
Some Terms

–Finite Set –Infinite Set –Unit Set


▪ Limited ▪ Unlimited ▪ One element
▪ Countable ▪ Uncountable only
▪ A = {x|x is a 5 ▪ A = {strands of ▪ Singleton
kg salt} hair} ▪ A = {I}
Some Terms

–Empty Set –Universal Set –Cardinal


▪ No element ▪ It has all of the Number
▪ Null set elements ▪ Cardinality
▪ ⌀ or {} ▪ Number of
elements
▪ n(A)
▪ E = {a, e, i, o,
u}, ∴ n(E)=5
Kinds of Set

– Subset – Proper Subset


▪⊆ ▪⊂
▪ A ⊆ B, iff every ∈ A is in ∈ ▪ A ⊂ B, iff every ∈ A is in B
B but there is at least one ∈
▪ A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {a, e, B that is not in A
i, o, u, v, w}, ∴ A ⊆ B ▪ A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {a, e,
i, o, u, v}, ∴ A ⊂ B
Kinds of Set

– Equal Set – Power Set


▪= ▪ ℘ (s) = 2n, n = number of
▪A = B elements
▪ A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {a, e, ▪ Collection (or sets) of all
i, o, u}, ∴ A = B subset of s
▪ A = {a, e}, ℘(A) = 22=4, ∴ A
= {{a}, {e}, {a,e}, ⌀}
Operations on Sets

– Union – Intersection
▪⋃ ▪⋂
▪A ⋃ B ▪A ⋂ B
▪ A ⋃ B = {x|x ∈ A ˅ x ∈ B} ▪ A ⋂ B = {x|x ∈ A ˄ x ∈ B}
▪ A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}, ∴ ▪ A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4},
A ⋃ B = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∴ A ⋂ B = {3}
Operations on Sets

– Complement or Absolute – Difference or Relative


Complement Complement
▪ A’ ▪∼
▪ A’ = {x ∈ U | x ∉ A } ▪ A ∼ B = {x|x ∈ A ˄ x
–U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, A ∉ B} = A ⋂ B’
= {a, b, c, d, e}, ∴ A’ = {f, ▪ A = {a, b, c}, B = {c,
g} d, e}, U = {a, b, c, d,
e, f, g} ∴ A ∼ B= {a,
b}
Operations on Sets

– Symmetric Difference
▪⊕ – Disjoint or Non-intersecting
▪ A ⊕ B = {x|x ∈ (A⋃B) ˄ x ∉ ▪ ⇔
(A⋂B)} = (A⋃B) ⋂ (A⋂B)’ ▪ No elements are common
or (A⋂B) ∼ (A⋂B)
▪ A = {a, b, c}, B = {c, d, e}, U =
{a, b, c, d, e, f, g} ∴ A ⊕ B=
{a, b, d, e}
Operations on Sets

– Ordered Pair (a, b)


▪ a – first component – Cartesian Product
▪ b – second component ▪ = A x B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A and
▪ (a, b) ≠(b, a) b ∈ B}
▪ A = {a, b, c}, B = {1, 2}, ∴ A x
B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b,
2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}

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