COMPUTER AIDED

DESIGN
Prof Emmanuel S A Ajisegiri
Professor of Mechatronics
Professor of Food Engineering
Professor of Agric Engineering
Introduction
• All Engrg fields require Drawing skills
• Aeronautic:Aircraft, planetary vehicles
• Agric: Silos, Tractors, Dams, Paddoxes
• Chemical:Process design, reactors,digest
• Civil: Structures, Roads, Dams, soil Profile
• Electrical: Circuits,Generat, Trans, distri.
• Mechanical: Bld.Services,Machines,Plants
• Mechatronics: Robots,controls,ems,sensor
Intro. Contd.
• CAD(D) enhances grapcal capabilities By:
• Allow designers to; Use color,shade &fonts
• Cceptualize&modifies: ideas,design,drwgs
• Perform animatn, calcu parameters
• Evaluate integrity,performance;part&whole
CADD: Definition
• Process where Computer used to prepare drwgs inclu. draftg of an
object = CADD
• Becomes imperative due to appli of CAM
• through CNC to cntrol prodtn, manufacturg
• Today, Computers are used frm idea conceptn to warehousing + all
in-btwn
• This leads to better efficncy, consistncy&
• accurcy of manfcture. Jigs not needed
CADD in Action
CADD:Enhancements.
• Enhances accuracy
• Use Diff Units; Arch,Engrg,Surveyors.
• Flexible Edition;Copy, paste, edit, rorate
• Easy&Convenient storage & access
• easy report generatn
• Easy access& sharing; promotes team/ group work, netwrkng,
coordnatng.
• Easy Publictn;Cam applictn; Engrg anlysis
CADD BENEFITS
• Adaptn to CNC;Better design;Safe Time; Easy print scalng; enhance
briefing, allow clients input; reduce design manpwr; Low design
watages; ɳ, accuracy, improvemnt;
• Easy and fast revision; promote team wrk;
• Possible team wrk, accomodate assistanc
• East ortho projectns,improvd aesthetics;
• easy part& exploded drwngs; easy assem
CADD: Benefits
• East symbol incorportn; Handle complicatd (Circuit, hydraulic &
pneumatic drwngs)
• Promote collaborative works
• promotes simulations
Applications
• Useful for automated draftng
• used to crea8 drwng fromCAD data base
• Automated dimensionng, generatn of hatches, scaling,image
trnfrmatn; isometri
• perspectiv, 2-d,3-D views, part isolation+
consolidatn; tranfr of parts; Geometric modelng, simulatn, applicatn of
FEM and many more evolving applicatns.
CADD: Challenges
• Large space for software accomodation
• Skill acquisition is expensive, elaborate takes time
• Cost of Software is high
CADD Softwares
Common are: AutoCAD, CorelDraw, Pro-E, Catia, NX(Unigraphics)Solid edge,
Solid Works, Cobalt, Caddie Mech etc.
Most Common here are: AutoCAD, CorelDaw, Pro-E and Solid Works.
For beginners: 3-D; Builder, crafter & Slash
Intermediate; Self CAD & Free CAD
Advanced: nanoCAD
CA[DD,M, E]: Role of Computer.
• There are 3 Roles:
•1 Provide efficient, accurate & Consistent means of design
•2 Monitor & Control mfcrng process
•3 optimises both design and Mfctrng processes
• Hence CAD, CADD, CATD, CAQ, CAM
Stages of Design
Identification of problem+need Recognition1
Problem Definition+conceptualization 2
Geometric Modeling + Spatial Analysis 3
Engineering Analysis+Optimization 4
Prototype Development 5
Manufacturing Process Development 6
Manufacturing Implementation 7
1loops to 3,4,5&6; 7 loops to1; 2 loops to 3,4,5; 3 loops to 2,
4, 6; 4 loops to 6,3,2; and 6 loops to 5,4,3,2.
Note: A team of individuals with specialized skill are always
reqred for every design
Graphics & Display
• Comp. Graphics=Methods and techniques of gentng
& manipulatng images on Comp
• Consists of 4 branches:
• Generative CG; setting pixels
• Image Reso; Pict element/length
• Image processng; Reconstr , pic to2D/3D
• Image Analys; condition, speed, 3D, Space
Display Devices
• Vector Display: construct lines/vectors on CRT/Plasma screen to form
pictures
• RSD raster scan display; plotting devices based on discrete/matrix
cells drawn by series of pixel dots. They appear as staircase called
aliasing
• Others: Light emitting diodes, Plasma display, Liquid crystal, elect
Luminescent panel
• Usually the most prominent component of comp graphic device.
Input / Output Devices
• Input Device: Captures data into system through graphics programs.
e.g.. Key boards, voice entry system, switches, light pen, tracker ball,
joy stick, digitizer, thumb wheel, dials, gloves
• Output Devices: Captures processed drawings, present to user: These
are printers & plotters: Ink jet, dot matrix, thermal, laser,
electrostatic, bubble jet; electrostatic & pen plotters
CAD: Functional Areas.
• CAD enhances; Cal, data handling and utilization of design tools and
process in drafting and modeling in 4 areas
• Geometric (Phy. appearance) modeling
• Conceptual drafting and evaluation
• Design analysis
• Engineering Analysis
Geometric Modeling
• This is the complete Computer compatible mathematical
representation of an object
• -Includes both the graphical & non-G Info
• Math Descriptn of geometry of object
• Geometry: disply & Manipulat on graphic t/nal Tru input devices of
CAD/Comp CPU
• Software; Be Machine/Human efficient
• 3 Types: Wireframe, surface, Solid.
Wireframe Modeling
• Also called Stick figure; consists of points, lines, arcs, curves and circles = edge
rep
• Entities : 2 types; analytical and synthetic Analytical: points, lines arcs, circle,
conics, fillet, chamfer
• Synthetic: Curves, spline
• The two; under wire frame used for: 2D Drafting and
• Generation of Num. Control tool path
• Advantage: Simple, required little memory space
• Disadvantage: Ambiguous, no visual coherence, Consume time as complexity
increases
Surface Modeling
• Consists of Analytic and Synthetic entities
• Analytic: plane and ruled surfaces, surface of revolution, tabulated
cylinders
• Synthetic: B-Spline surface, bi-cubic Hermite spline surface, triangular
and rectangular coon patches ,Gordon surface
• Uses: Calculation of mass properties, mating part interface checks
Surface Modeling
• Adv: More focused, accomodate hidden line and surface algorithms-
realism, used in mass & vol. prop cal. For FE modeling, For NC path gen, X
sec & interface detection Refine FEA results (mesh size alteration)
• Disadv: More complex, conzumes time (Terminal &CPU)
• Awkward to cr8, requires wire frame entities manip.
• More specialized, need more training to cr8
• Does not provide topological information
Solid Modeling
• SM=Complete rep of an object. Hence it enhances
functional automation and integration. Allows
detailed topological info
• Due to topology-relational database- 2 or more
primitives, Ptvs, are used to form a model
• (To users, geometry, visible; topology invisible)
• Primitives are combined by Boolean Operation using;
Union, Intersection and difference
• Most common Pvts are: cylinders, cones, planes and
spheres.
CAD Data Exchange
• Four types of data Exchange modes:
• Shape –Geometric and topologic Data
• Non Shape-Graphic Data
• Design- mass property + FE mesh data
• Manufacturing- NC tool path/Pattern, process planning, tolerance,
tool design
BOM (Bill of Materials).
Direct Translation

I-DEAS Unigraphics

CATIA Auto Cad

Neutral Interface

CAD CAD CAE CAE

Neutral Interface

CAPP PP&C CAM CAQ

Interface Requirements
• Capability to handle ALL manufac. Data
• Retain All Info i.e. No Info Loss
• Efficient with real time Manufacturing Capability
• Must permit add-ons and contractions
• Compatibility with other standards
• Act independently from used computer architecture.
• Permit feed back efficiency monitoring
Common Standards in Graphics
Programming
• ANSI, USA: IGES, PDE, PDDI
• ANFOR, FRANCE: SET
• DIN, Germany: VDA/FS
• ESPRIT, EEC: CAD*I, CIM-OSA
• Electronic Ind. Majorly U S A: EDIF
• ISO, International: STEP (ACM, ANSI, DNI EEC involved)
• IGES: Initial Graphic Exchange Specification; PDES, product Data Mgt./ Enterprise; STEP Standard for Exchange of Product
model data ANSI American National Standard institute, ISO Inter Standard Organization ACM Association for Computer
Machinery, GKS graphic Kernel system, GIN German National Institute (DNI)
Initial Graphic Exchange Specification; IGES
• Developed by GE Boeing and NIST, Defines neutral database in file format; can be
interpreted by dissimilar CAD/CAM Systems; Support many 2D+3D Platforms;
Widely Used and Supported.
• Tests supports; Reflection, Transmission and loopback
• Limited by; Many incompatible ‘Finesse’ , Unreliable complex translation, Un
structured info. Modeling basis, Inadequate support for conformance tests
Platform for adequate transfer and exchange of
Product Model Data
• STEM = Main platform for effective exchan all the 4 forms of design
info.; (Shape + topology, Graphics, Mass property + FE Mesh data and Manufac. CNC Data)
• PDES Also used to support industrial Automatn Similar to STEP.
Supports design, analysis, manuf., test, + quality assurance initiated in
USA
• DUMB SOLIDS Also used. Limited by lack of info transfer on part
creation.
GKS (Graphic Kernel System)

• 1St Low-level graphic Developed. Handles 2D Vector

for mapping. Movable across various programming
languages and hardware IGES,DXF,STEP CALS
Graphic Database
• GSK
Application Program

• VDI,VDM Kernel System

Device Driver

Input/Output Device
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)
• High end user interface.
• Involves real time simulation & Interaction thru multiple sensorial
channels
• Used for visualization, 3D Models
• Virtual Reality Modeling Language can represent color, texture e.t.c.
in addition to Geometry
Example of VRML

CAD Model Input CAVE Desktop Force FeedbackStereo

Tracking Real-Time
CAD Projector
Tracking
Interactio
n

• Sim. Summation Voice Control

• Optimiz
ation
Digital
Mockup

•
Real 3D
FEMTexture and sound Addition Computer
Graphics
•
FEM Model Input Rendering imaging Distance between objects
Transformation
• 2 Types; General & Special Transformations
• As in Math. Involves: Scaling, translation, Rotation, Reflection and
Shearing
• There 3 Vertices; AB&C A
• Rep as (x,y) or
• (x,y) = x
Y

B C
2-D Transformation
• Involves Changing graphics by applied rule
applications; Scaling (Up and Down) Translation (By a
scale), Rotation (By an angle) and shearing (By an
Inclination)
• Leads to repositioning, changing of sizes+ orientation
• Translation; Moves object to diff. positions.
• Takes place by adding translation coordinates to the
original coordinates.
• X’=X±tX; Y’=Y±tY
2-D Transformation
• Scaling: Done to change size of object; Can Increase or shrink the
object but the shape is retained

• X’ X Sx 0
• Y’ = Y 0 Sy

•
• A B C
Scaling
Rotation
• Y

• p’(x’, Y’)

• r+
• P (x, y)
• p’’ (x’’, y’’)
• r-
•
• cos ᵩ sinᵩ cosᵩ sinᵩ
• Here, (x’y’)=(xy) -sin ᵩ cosᵩ P’=P.R; and R= -sinᵩ cosᵩ

• This is for +ve angle of rotation

Rotation
• For –ve angle rotation, R= cos(-ᵩ) sin(-ᵩ)
• = cosᵩ –sinᵩ -sinᵩ (-ᵩ) cos(-ᵩ)
• sinᵩ cosᵩ
That is cos(-ᵩ)=cosᵩ; sin(-ᵩ)=-sinᵩ

• REFLECTION
This is the mirror image of the object, the size of the object remains the same
and the transformation matrix is Tm= ±1 0 Reflection of X and Y
about
0± 1 the origin is always -ve
Reflection; Shear
• As a result, Tm of P=P’ =-1 0 Ρ
0 -1
SHEAR This is a transformation that slants the shape of the
object. There is X and Y shears. In each case, only one
coordinate changes

X- Sheared Y- Sheared
Combined/Composite transformation

• Called Concatenation; can take place on T1,T2….Tn Planes in any

combination of Shearing, reflection scaling rotation and translation.
Main purpose is safe time, efforts and complexity.
Homogenous Co ordinates
• Concatenation=Image manipulation is cumbersome
• This can be reduced if all the 5 types of Geometric
Transformation can be combined and reduced by 1 single
matrix; Homogenous coordinates (Hcord)
• Hcord, obtained by adding a 3rd coord to a point. This enables a
single image transformation. Here, n-D =n+1D
• 2x2 matrix becomes 3x3 matrix (1 Dummy Cood.added)
• P(X,Y) becomes P’(Xm,Ym, m)
• XT A B0 x x General Homogeno
• YT = CD0 y = T y Transformation
•1 0 0 1 1 1 Matrix
Individual Homo Transfor Matrix

1 0 tx SX 0 0
Tr 0 1 ty Sc 0 Sy o
0 0 1 0 0 1

Cosx -Sinx 0 Cosx -Sinx 0

Sinx Cosx 0 -Sinx Cosx 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
H T Rotation Counter CW HT Rotation CW
Computer Graphics
• Process of cre8ing, manipulating & storing drawings +
pictures using Computer
• 2 Types: Passive Computer Graphics (PCG) & Interactive
Computer Graphics (ICG)
• PCG. See & Watch Images- No control over the Image
• ICG. User can Interact with images: Can Edit; recre8,
Modify & remove images (Enlarge, reduce, relocate, rotate,
transform & Generally manipulate images)
Graphics

3-D (Solids, Volumes) 2-D (Space, Areas)

1-D (Lines, Straight, Curve, Crooked)

. . . 0-D (Key point