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15.1 PPT

The document discusses the concept of pH and how it relates to hydronium ion and hydroxide ion concentrations in aqueous solutions, defining pH as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration and explaining how to calculate pH from concentrations or vice versa. It also provides examples of calculating pH, pOH, and ion concentrations for solutions of acids and bases.

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152 views28 pages

15.1 PPT

The document discusses the concept of pH and how it relates to hydronium ion and hydroxide ion concentrations in aqueous solutions, defining pH as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration and explaining how to calculate pH from concentrations or vice versa. It also provides examples of calculating pH, pOH, and ion concentrations for solutions of acids and bases.

Uploaded by

KingPro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and

Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Objectives
• Describe the self-ionization of water.

• Define pH, and give the pH of a neutral solution at


25°C.

• Explain and use the pH scale.

• Given [H3O+] or [OH−], find pH.

• Given pH, find [H3O+] or [OH−].


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions


Self-Ionization of Water
• In the self-ionization of water, two water molecules
produce a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion by
transfer of a proton.

H2O(l ) + H2O(l )  H3O (aq ) + OH– (aq )

• In water at 25°C, [H3O+] = 1.0 ×10−7 M and [OH−] =
1.0 × 10−7 M.

• The ionization constant of water, Kw, is expressed by


the following equation.
Kw = [H3O+][OH−]
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Self-Ionization of Water, continued
• At 25°C,
Kw = [H3O+][OH−] = (1.0 × 10−7)(1.0 × 10−7) = 1.0 × 10−14

• Kw increases as temperature increases


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions

• Solutions in which [H3O+] = [OH−] is neutral.

• Solutions in which the [H3O+] > [OH−] are acidic.

• [H3O+] > 1.0 × 10−7 M

• Solutions in which the [OH−] > [H3O+] are basic.

• [OH−] > 1.0 × 10−7 M


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions, continued


Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–]

• Strong acids and bases are considered completely


ionized or dissociatedHin
2O
weak aqueous solutions.
NaOH(s )   Na (aq ) + OH– (aq )
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
• 1.0 × 10−2 M NaOH solution has an [OH−] of 1.0 × 10−2 M

• The [H3O+] of this solution is calculated using Kw.


Kw = [H3O+-14
][OH−] = 1.0-14× 10−14
1.0  10 1.0  10
[H3O ]    1.0  10 -12
M
[OH– ] 1.0  10 -2
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–]
• If the [H3O+] of a solution is known, the [OH−] can be
calculated using Kw.

[HCl] = 2.0 × 10−4 M


[H3O+] = 2.0 × 10−4 M

Kw = [H3O+][OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14


– 1.0  10-14 1.0  10 -14 -10
[OH ]  
 -4
 5.0  10 M
[H3O ] 2.0  10
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Some Strong Acids and Some Weak Acids


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Concentrations and Kw
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–]
Sample Problem A
A 1.0  10–4 M solution of HNO3 has been prepared for a
laboratory experiment.

a. Calculate the [H3O+] of this solution.

b. Calculate the [OH–].


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–], continued
Sample Problem A Solution
Given: Concentration of the solution = 1.0 × 10−4 M HNO3
Unknown: a. [H3O+]
b. [OH−]
Solution:
• HNO
a. 3 is a strong acid

HNO3 (l ) + H2O(l )  H3O  (aq ) + NO3– (aq )


1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
mol HNO3
molarity of HNO3 
1 L solution
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–], continued
Sample Problem A Solution, continued
mol HNO3 1 mol H3O  mol H3O 
a.    molarity of H3O 
L solution 1 mol HNO3 L solution

b. [H3O+][OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14

– 1.0  10 –14
[OH ] 
[H3O ]
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Hydronium Ions and Hydroxide Ions,


continued
Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–], continued
Sample Problem A Solution, continued
a. 1.0  10 –4 mol HNO3 1 mol H3O 
 
1 L solution 1 mol HNO3
1.0  10 –4 mol H3O
 1.0  10 –4 M H3O 
1 L solution

–14 –14
1.0  10 1.0  10
b. [OH– ]  
 -4
 1.0  10 -10
M
[H3O ] 1.0  10
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

The pH Scale

• The pH of a solution is defined as the negative of the


common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration,
[H3O+].

pH = −log [H3O+]

• example: a neutral solution has a [H3O+] = 1×10−7


• The logarithm of 1×10−7 is −7.0.

pH = −log [H3O+] = −log(1 × 10−7) = −(−7.0) = 7.0


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

pH Values as Specified [H3O+]


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

The pH Scale

• The pOH of a solution is defined as the negative of the


common logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration,
[OH−].
pOH = −log [OH–]

• example: a neutral solution has a [OH–] = 1×10−7


• The pH = 7.0.

• The negative logarithm of Kw at 25°C is 14.0.

pH + pOH = 14.0
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

The pH Scale
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Approximate pH Range of Common Materials


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

[H3O+], [OH–], pH and pOH of Solutions


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH

• There must be as many significant figures to the right


of the decimal as there are in the number whose
logarithm was found.

• example: [H3O+] = 1 × 10−7

one significant figure

pH = 7.0
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Using Logarithms in pH Calculations


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH, continued


Calculating pH from [H3O+], continued
Sample Problem B
What is the pH of a 1.0 10–3 M NaOH solution?
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH, continued


Calculating pH from [H3O+], continued
Sample Problem B Solution
Given: Identity and concentration of solution = 1.0 × 10−3 M NaOH
Unknown: pH of solution
Solution: concentration of base → concentration of OH−
→ concentration of H3O+ → pH

[H3O+][OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14


–14 –14
1.0  10 1.0  10
[H3O ]  –
 -3
 1.0  10 -11
M
[OH ] 1.0  10
pH = −log [H3O+] = −log(1.0 × 10−11) = 11.00
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH, continued


Calculating pH from [H3O+], continued

• pH = −log [H3O+]

• log [H3O+] = −pH

• [H3O+] = antilog (−pH)

• [H3O+] = 10−pH

• The simplest cases are those in which pH values are


integers.
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH, continued


Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–] from pH, continued
Sample Problem D
Determine the hydronium ion concentration of an
aqueous solution that has a pH of 4.0.
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH, continued


Calculating [H3O+] and [OH–] from pH, continued
Sample Problem D Solution
Given: pH = 4.0
Unknown: [H3O+]
Solution:
[H3O+] = 10−pH

[H3O+] = 1 × 10−4 M
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

Calculations Involving pH, continued


pH Calculations and the Strength of Acids and Bases

• The pH of solutions of weak acids and weak bases


must be measured experimentally.
• The [H3O+] and [OH−] can then be calculated from the
measured pH values.
Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

pH of Strong and Weak Acids and Bases


Section 1 Aqueous Solutions and
Chapter 15 the Concept of pH

pH Values of Some Common Materials

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