HUMAN

NERVOUS
SYSTEM

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Identify organs, functions and processes of the human nervous
system; explain how the brain works as the control station of a
human body.
⮚The nervous system helps all the parts of
the body to communicate with each
other. 
⮚ It also reacts to changes both outside and
inside the body.
⮚The nervous system uses both electrical
and chemical means to send and receive
messages.
⮚Neurons are the building blocks
⮚The basic building block of the nervous
system is a nerve cell, or neuron.

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Identify the three major parts of the brain – forebrain, mid brain and
hindbrain, and define their various functions.

Parts of Nervous System

The nervous system has two main parts: 
1. The central nervous system
2. Peripheral Nervous System

The central nervous System

Central nervous system is made up of the
• Brain
• Spinal cord. 
• The central nervous system is the body's processing center. Most systems and organs of the
body control just one function, but the central nervous system does many jobs at the same time. It
controls all voluntary movement, such as speech and walking, and involuntary movements, such as
blinking and breathing. It is also the core of our thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.
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 Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves
that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all
parts of the body.

The somatic nervous system consists of

nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is
involved in conscious activities.

The autonomic nervous system

consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the
visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and
intestines.

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Brain
The brain is the powerhouse of the body, even though it
only makes up 2%t of the body’s weight. This soft, jelly-
like organ has countless billions of neural cross-
connections.
The brain oversees the workings of the body, while its
higher functions give us consciousness and personality.
The human brain possesses about 100 billion
neurons with roughly 1 quadrillion — 1 million
billion — connections known as synapses wiring
these cells together.
controls all functions of the body, interprets
information from the outside world, and
embodies the essence of the mind and soul.
Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory
are a few of the many things governed by the
brain. Protected within the skull, ARNEEB ADNAN 74755
The brain receives information
through our five senses: sight,
smell, touch, taste, and hearing -
often many at one time.

It assembles the messages in a

way that has meaning for us,
and can store that information
in our memory.

The brain controls our thoughts,

memory and speech, movement
of the arms and legs, and the
function of many organs within
our body.
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PARTS OF BRAIN
Brain
The brain can be divided
into three basic units: 
1. Forebrain,
2. Midbrain,
3. Hind Brain

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Forebrain
The forebrain is responsible for a
variety of functions
including receiving and processing
sensory information, thinking,
perceiving, producing and
understanding language, and
controlling motor function.
The forebrain is the largest part of the
brain. It is divided into three main
parts, that are the 
• Cerebrum,
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
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Midbrain,
❖ The midbrain is the topmost part of
the brainstem, the connection
central between the brain and the
spinal cord.

❖ Hind Brain

The hindbrain includes the upper

part of the spinal cord, the brain
stem, and a wrinkled ball of tissue
called the cerebellum.
The hindbrain controls the body's
vital functions such as respiration
and heart rate.

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 Forebrain
The forebrain controls body temperature,
reproductive functions, eating, sleeping,
and the display of emotions.
The forebrain parts include:
1. Cerebrum. 
2. Hypothalamus.
3. Thalamus.
https://youtu.be/0yXMGQaVVXg

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Describe the structure of the
cerebrum, its division into two
hemispheres (le and right) and the
role of each hemisphere in the
control of the body.
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain, the
cerebrum initiates and coordinates
movement and regulates
temperature. Other areas of the
cerebrum enable speech, judgment,
thinking and reasoning, problem-
solving, emotions and learning.
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Other functions relate to vision, hearing, touch and
other senses.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right
and left hemispheres
They are joined by a bundle of fibers called the
corpus callosum that transmits messages from one
side to the other.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the
body.

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LEFT HEMISPHERE
The left hemisphere
controls speech,
comprehension,
arithmetic, and writing.
The left hemisphere is
dominant in hand use
and language in about
92% of people.
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RIGHT HEMISPHERE
The right hemisphere
controls creativity,
spatial ability, artistic,
and musical skills.

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Explain and represent how messages flow through the body from
and to the brain, and how the brain collaborates with the sensory
organs to regulate this process.
 In our brain and bodies, neurons communicate
with each other by sending messages using a
form of electricity.
In our brain and bodies, neurons communicate
with each other by sending messages using a
form of electricity. In neurons, this electricity is
created by the flow of charged particles called ions
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that move across the outer membrane of the
cell
. The movement of ions carries an
electrical wave along the length of the
neuron . The neuron has branches (like
a tree) called dendrites, which receive
signals, and a longer, simpler projection
(like a tree trunk), called an axon, which
sends signals. Synapse are found at the
end of axons. How does the electrical
signal jump from one neuron to
another? The nerve cell releases
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 A stimulus is anything that
can trigger a physical or
behavioral change. The
plural of stimulus is stimuli

Sensory neurons are the nerve cells

that are activated by sensory input
from the environment - for
example, when you touch a hot
surface with your fingertips, the
sensory neurons will be the ones Relay neurons are found between
firing and sending off signals to the sensory input and motor
rest of the nervous system about the output/response. Relay neurons are
information they have received. found in the brain and spinal cord
and allow sensory and motor
neurons to communicate.

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which travel across the synapse to another
neuron to create a new electrical wave in that cell

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