Judgment and Proposition

Judgment

Judment is the second division in logic. It comes from the

infinitive verb of the latin word “indicare” which means a
mental act which affirms or denies something. We use the
connected “or” and not “and.” The reason why, it is simply
because we need not to choose between positive and negative
but rather good or positive is to be done and negative or evil is
tobe avoided. therefore a proposition is the sentence that
affirms or denies something; it is an assertive or denial;
positive or negative; true or false.
Components of a Judgment

The mental act owes these two components, namely;

1. The existence of two concepts which means that it may take the
form of the subject and the predicate.
2. The comparison of these two concepts which means that
component simply manifests a process of knowing the relationship
existing two concepts given.
3. The pronouncement between assertive and denial which means
that the components embodies the principle behind the true
essence of judgment
Proposition

As what we have known, Proposition is an external sign of a

judgment. It affrims or denies something about a certainty reality
or object. For instance, “love has four letters, and this becomes
a logical statement or a proposition.
A proposition is a declarative sentence to which many
logicians agreed upon, like Bachhuber.
In English grammar there are four kinds of sentences.

1. Declarative or Proposition- it is one that states the fact. It asserts

or denies something.
Example: Logic is the science and act of correct reasoning.
2. Imperative- it is one that gives a command or one which makes a
request.
Example: Please close the door gently.
3. Interrogative- It is one that asks a question
Example: When is your birthday?
4. Exclamatory- it is one that expresses a stong feeling.
Example:What an awesome god he has!
 Elements of a logical statement
To facilitate the proper undestanding of a logical statement, the
following satement must always be present. These are the SUBJECT,
COPULA and the PREDICATE. The subject is a term which is to be
affirmed or denied of the subject. On the other hand, the copula is the
one who is joining the subject and the predicate.
Furthermore, not al propositions are logical statements. Most of the
statementsthat affirm or deny do not use copula, just simply to link the
subject and the predicate. For instance, MohammedAli wins. This
statement is illogical form Mohammed Ali is a winner, it follows a
consistent pattern that the subject is the predicate. There are two kinds
of proposition namely; Categorical proposition and Hypothetical
proposition.
Categorical Propositon
A categorical propositon is a proposition by which assertive or denial
beteen two concepts is expressed in an absolute manner. It always represents
the subject, copula and predicate. For instance we all know that, “All mangyans
are minorities fromMindoro. Due to the fact that, No mangyans are from Baguio.
There are two kinds of Categorical Proposition namely: The Standard form
(Logical Form) and the non standard form categorical proposition.
There are five pointers given by Corazon Cruz when reducing to logical
form:
1. Keep the original subject.
2. Do not use the progressive tense for your predicate. Think of a more
appropriate word.
3. Avoid the use of “one” for your predicat. Think of a more appropriate word.
4. Avoid redundancies.
5. Be simple and direct in your answers.
Hypothetical Proposition
Hypothetical proposition is a proposition which affrims or
denies the relationships of two propositions by means of indirect
element. It is standard for hypothetical proposition to contain two
main clauses. For instance, if it will rain then the grass will be wet.
The use of the connective “if”....... “then”....... may be applicable in
this proposition.

SUBJECT AS QUANTIFIER OF THE PROPOSITION

The subject is the quantifier of the proposition. We may refer to
quantifiers’ table given in the previous chapter. Weather the subject
is in the singular or universal or particular, definitely it can apply to
every portion signified by the term. The subject therefore,
determines the quantity not the quality of proposition. If the subject
is in universal, the proposition is also in universal, so do as in
For examples:
Rev.Fr. Germn Sy is the rector of California Seminary.---- singular
Some medical Technicians are sweet.-------------------- particular
Every professor is intelligent.----------------------- universal
No Tamaraw is furious animal... universal in negative statement
Not every newspaper is a reading material. ---- particular in negative
statement

Nota Bene: Not all using “not” dnotes negative, for instance
definitely, BLACK IS NOT WHITE.
COPULA AS QUALIFIER OF THE PROPOSITION

The copula is the qualifier of the proposition. It unites the

subject and the predicate. A proposition having “is or are;was
or were” the third person singular or plural, present tense or
past tense verb to be is affirmative proposition. While
propositions having “is not”, “was not”, “are not”, “were not” as
copula are negative proposition. Therefore because of the
copula, the proposition is either assertive or denial; positive or
negative; truth or falsehood.
QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE
The predicate of the proposition may either be Universal or
Particular. In determining the quantity of the predicate of a
Categorical of Proposition there are two rules to remember.

1. The predicate of an affirmative proposition is always particular.

2. The predicate of a negative proposition is always universal.
However, this does not apply toproposition whose subject and
predicate are co-extensive or identical as in real definition.
Example: Jose Rizal is our National Hero
Soprano is the highest singing voice of females or boys.
Conceptual Framework of Proposition
PROPOSITION- (DECLARATIVE SENTENCE)
SUBJECT- COPULA- PREDICATE

Categorical Proposition Hypothetical Proposition

SYMBOLS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
Wether it is qualifier or quantifier of the proposition, it
expresses in symbols. The idea of using these symbols is just to
affirm or deny something. These symbols come from the two latin
word “affirmo” and “nego.” “ Affirmo” means i affirm which is
positive proposition ang “Nego” means i deny which is negative
proposition. Let us take the two vowels from the latin word “affirmo”,
we will have letters “A” and “I”, on the other hand, let us take the two
vowels from the latin word “Nego” then we will have “E” and “O”
correspond to negative statement.
 The chart below shows the categorical proposition; PROPOSITION A;
I; IN POSITIVE STATEMENT AND E; AND O; IN NEGATIVE STATEMENT.
A UNIVERSAL/SINGULAR E

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

I PARTICULAR O
On this chart, it is understood to give the validity and licitly
propositions by referring to the given table of quantifier in order to
classify weather it belongs to propositions A,I,E, and O.
 Here are the examples of propositions:
PROPOSITION A: PROPOSITION B:
1. All jeeps are vehicle. 1.Some leaves are green.
2. Every student must wear his ID. 2.Most teachers are wear his underpaid
3. Willie is a logic professor. 3.Many philosophers are atheists.

PROPOSITION C: PROPOSITION D:
1. None of you is from mars. 1.Not everyone who cries is lonely.
2. Peter Pan is not the star in 2. Many intelligent students are not
Harry Potter. honors.
3. No Tamaraw is a furious animal 3. Some politicians are not corrupt.
 HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION
Hypothetical cames from the Greek word nypos which means below. It
is therefore, a proposition by which assertive or denial between two
concepts is expressed in an indirect manner. There are three types of
Hypothetical proposition namely; Conditional proposition; Disjunctive
proposition; and Conjunctive proposition.

1. Conditional Proposition
Conditional proposition is a hypothetical proposition which contains
Antecedent and consequent. Antecedent comes from the Latin word
“Antecedo” which means something that goes before. While, Consequent
comes from the Latin word “conseqour” which means something that goes
after. In this proposition, we are going to use the connectives. “If”…..
“then”…..
For instance, Angela has brain tumor, then she seriously sick.
Antecedent: Angela has a brain tumor
Consequent: then she is seriously sick.
2. Disjunctive Proposition
Disjunctive proposition is hypothetical proposition which presents
alternatives but only one of these alternatives will prove to be true and other
will always be false. In this sense, we are going to use the “either or”
connective to indicate that the implied judgment cannot be true together nor
false together.
For instance, Either you love me or you hate me, if the first statement is
automatically false.
3. Conjunctive Proposition
Conjunctive proposition is a hypothetical proposition which
denies simultaneous possibility of two alternatives.
For instance, I cannot be in Mindoro and Masbate at the same
time. If I am in Mindoro, definitely I am not in Masbate.