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Cpy 521 Lecture Notes

Dyslipidemia, or abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, is classified by the types of affected lipoproteins. It can be primary/genetic due to defects or secondary due to conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, or medications. Primary dyslipidemia is often asymptomatic but increases heart disease risk, while secondary causes various symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests and physical exam. Treatment focuses on managing underlying causes.

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31 views11 pages

Cpy 521 Lecture Notes

Dyslipidemia, or abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, is classified by the types of affected lipoproteins. It can be primary/genetic due to defects or secondary due to conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, or medications. Primary dyslipidemia is often asymptomatic but increases heart disease risk, while secondary causes various symptoms. Diagnosis involves blood tests and physical exam. Treatment focuses on managing underlying causes.

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onyibor joshua
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CPY 521: CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY IV

BY
MRS N. OSAKUE
Dyslipidaemia
• Dyslipoproteinaemia, also referred to as dyslipidaemia, encompasses a
range of disorders of lipoprotein lipid metabolism that include both
abnormally high and low lipoprotein concentrations, as well as
abnormalities in the composition of these lipoprotein particles.
• Dyslipidaemia can be referred to as an abnormal amount of lipids (e.g.
triglycerides, cholesterol and/or fat phospholipids) in the blood.
• Dyslipidaemia is an important modifiable risk factor for the development of
atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
• The World Health Organization estimates that dyslipidaemia is associated
with more than 50% of global cases of ischemic heart disease, and over 4
million deaths per year.
• About 80% of lipid disorders are related to diet and lifestyle, with the
remainder being familial. 
Types of hyperlipoptoteinaemia
• There are several types of hyperlipoproteinaemia. The type depends on
the concentration of lipids and which ones are affected.
• Primary or familial hyperlipoproteinaemia: Familial  hyperlipidemias are
classified according to the Fredrickson classification, which is based on the
lipoprotein pattern in electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.
– There are five types of primary hyperlipoproteinaemia
• Secondary or acquired hyperlipoproteinaemia : Acquired  hyperlipidaemias
(also called secondary dyslipoproteinaemias)
Causes
• Hyperlipoproteinaemia can be a primary or secondary condition.
• Primary hyperlipoproteinaemia is often genetic. It is the result of a defect
or mutation in lipoproteins. These changes result in problems with the
accumulation of lipids in your body.
• The secondary hyperlipoproteinaemia is the result of other health
conditions that lead to high levels of lipids in your body. These include:
– Diabetes.
– Hypothyroidism .
– Pancreatitis.
– Use of certain medications, such as contraceptives and steroids.
– Certain lifestyle choices.
Causes
• Hyperlipoproteinaemia can be a primary or secondary condition.
• Primary hyperlipoproteinaemia is often genetic. It is the result of a defect
or mutation in lipoproteins. These changes result in problems with the
accumulation of lipids in your body.
• The secondary hyperlipoproteinaaemia is the result of other health
conditions that lead to high levels of lipids in your body. These include:
• Diabetes.
• Hypothyroidism.
• Pancreatitis.
• Use of certain medications, such as contraceptives and steroids.
• Certain lifestyle choices.
Symptoms of hyperlipoproteinaemia
• Lipid deposits are the main symptom of hyperlipoproteinaemia. 
• The location of lipid deposits can help determine the type. 
• Some lipid deposits, called xanthomas, are yellow and crunchy. These occur on
the skin.
• Many people with this condition do not experience any symptoms. They can
realize this when they develop a heart condition.
• Other signs and symptoms of hyperlipoproteinaemia include:
– Pancreatitis (type 1).
– Abdominal pain (types 1 and 5).
– Enlarged liver or spleen (type 1).
– Deposits of lipids or xanthomas (type 1).
– Family history of heart disease (types 2 and 4).
– Family history of diabetes (types 4 and 5).
– Heart attack.
Diagnosis
• Blood test. 
• History taking
• Physical examination
Hypolipoproteinaemia
• Hypolipoproteinaemia, or hypolipidaemia (British English) is a form
of dyslipidaemia that is defined by abnormally lowered levels of any or
all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.

Causes and symptoms


Low blood fats can be the result of several diseases, or they can be a primary 
genetic disease with other associated abnormalities.
• Malnutrition is a lack of food, including fats, in the diet.
• Malabsorption is the inability of the bowel to absorb food, causing malnutrition.
• Anemia (too few red blood cells) and hyperthyroidism also reduce blood fats.
• Rare genetic conditions called hypobetalipoproteinemia and abetalipoproteinem
ia cause malabsorption.
• Tangier disease, causes only the cholesterol to be low.
• Symptoms are associated more closely with the cause rather than the actual low 
blood fats.
Diagnosis
• Blood tests often done after an overnight fast.

Treatment
• Supplemental vitamin E helps children with the betalipoprotein deficiencies. 
• There is no known treatment for Tangier disease. 
• Treatment of the causes of the other forms of low blood fats reverses the conditi
on.

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