Grammar

Objectives
• Tenses
• Subject verb agreement
• Active and passive voice
• Narrations ( direct and indirect speech)
• Definite and indefinite articles
• Preposition of time and place
(1) Tenses
There are total 12 tenses
Present, past, and future, each tense is then further divided into 4 tenes
Present
1 present indefinite tense
2 present continuous tense
3 present perfect tense
4 present perfect continuous tense.
Past
1 past indefinite tense
2 past continuous tense
3 past perfect tense
4 past perfect continuous tense
Future
1 Future indefinite tense
2 future continuous tense
3 future perfect tense
4 future perfect continuous tense.
Present indefinite tense
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb
• Use of s/es with 1st form of verb, when the subject is 3rd person singular.
• Negative sentence, use of don’t and doesn’t
we use doesn’t when the subject is 3rd person singular, and don’t with the rest of the pronouns.
Interrogative sentence, do and does comes at the beginning of the sentence + ?
Example.
1, She drinks water.
• She doesn’t drink water
• Does she drink water ?
2, I go to Peshawar.
• I don’t go to Peshawar.
• Do I go to Peshawar ?
Present continuous tense
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb + ing
• Helping verb is, am, are
• Negative sentence, Not after every helping verb.
• interrogative sentences, helping verb at the beginning of the sentence + ?
Example
I am eating an apple
I am not eating an apple
Am I eating an apple?
Present perfect tense
Points to remember
• 3rd form of verb
• Helping verb have/has
We use has, when the subject of the sentence is 3 rd person singular, and have with the rest of the pronouns
• Negative sentence, not after helping verb.
• Interrogative sentences, helping verb at the beginning of the sentence +?
Example
1, I have eaten an apple
I haven’t eaten an apple
Have I eaten an apple?
2, she has gone to school.
She hasn’t gone to school.
Has she gone to school?
Present perfect continuous
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb+ing
• Helping verb, has been/have been.
• Point of time (since) and period of time (for)
• Negative sentences, not after have and has.
• Interrogative sentences, Has and have at the beginning of the sentence +?
Example
1, I have been waiting for you since 2.00 Pm
I haven’t been waiting for you since 2.00 pm
Have I been waiting for you since 2.00 pm?
2, she has been teaching English for 5 years.
She hasn’t been teaching English for 5 years
Has she been teaching English for 5 years?
Past indefinite tense.
Points to remember
• 2nd form of verb.
• No helping verb
• Negative sentences, Didn’t and then the 2nd form will be change into 1st form of verb.
• Interrogative sentences, did at the beginning of the sentence +?
Example
1, I went to Peshawar
I didn’t go to Peshawar.
Did I go to Peshawar?
2, They told me everything.
They didn’t tell me everything.
Did they tell me everything?
Past continuous tense
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb+ing.
• Helping verb, was and were. When the subject is 1st and 3rd person singular, we use was and with the rest
of pronouns we use were.
• Negative sentences, not after every helping verb.
• Interrogative sentences, helping verb at the beginning of the sentences+?
Example
1, I was sleeping.
I wasn’t sleeping.
Was I sleeping?
2, they were going to Karachi.
They were not going to Karachi.
Were they going to Karachi?
Past perfect tense
Points to remember
• 3rd form of verb
• Helping verb, had
• Negative sentences, hadn’t in every sentence
• Interrogative sentences, had at the beginning of sentence+?
Example
1, I had eaten the meal.
I hadn’t eaten the meal.
Had I eaten the meal?
2, they had gone to Karachi.
They hadn’t gone to Karachi.
Had they gone to Karachi?
Past perfect continuous tense
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb
• Helping verb, had been.
• Point of time ( since ) and period of time ( for ).
• Negative sentence, hadn’t after subject in a sentence.
• Interrogative sentence, had at the beginning of every sentence+?
Example
1, I had been watching movie for 3 hours.
I hadn’t been watching movie for 3 hours.
Had I been watching movie for 3 hours?
2, she had been listening music since 1 pm.
She hadn’t been listening music since 1 pm.
Had she been listening music since 1 pm?
Future indefinite tense
Points to remember.
• 1st form of verb.
• Helping verb, will
• Negative sentences, will not.
• Interrogative sentences, will at the beginning of the sentence+?
Example
1, I will go to school from tomorrow.
I will not go to school from tomorrow
Will I go to school from tomorrow?
2, they will dig a well next year.
They will not dig a well next year.
Will they dig a well next year?
Future continuous tense
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb+ing
• Helping verb, will be
• Negative sentences, will not be, after subject in a sentence.
• Interrogative sentences, will at the beginning and be after subject in a sentence+?
Example
1, she will be sleeping at 8.00 am by tomorrow.
She will not be sleeping at 8.00 am by tomorrow.
Will she be sleeping at 8.00 am by tomorrow?
2, she will be coming here.
She will not be coming here.
Will she be coming here?
Future perfect tense
• Points to remember
• 3RD form of verb
• Helping verb, will have
• Negative sentences, will not have, after every subject in a sentence.
• Interrogative sentences, will at the beginning of every sentence, have after subject in a sentence+?
Example
1, she will have eaten her bread.
She will not have eaten her bread.
Will she have eaten her bread?
2, They will have taken their classes.
They will not have taken their classes.
Will they have taken their classes?
Future perfect continuous tense.
Points to remember
• 1st form of verb+ing.
• Helping verb, will have been.
• Point of time ( since) and period of time ( for )
• Negative sentences, will not have been.
• Interrogative sentences, will at the beginning of a sentence, have after every subject in a sentence+?
Example
1, they will have been working here for 5 years.
they will not have been working here for 5 years.
Will they have been working here for 5 years?
2, He will have been reading this book since morning.
He will not have been reading this book since morning.
Will he have been reading this book since morning?
Subject verb agreement
• Subject-verb agreement
• Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number
(singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be
singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Active and passive voice
What is actually going in active voice?
Structure, subject + verb + object.
In active voice, subject perform the action and object receives the
action.
1, I love my children.
Here I is the subject, Love is the action, and children are the receiver of
action so children is an object here.
So in active voice, the structure of the sentence is straight forward,
• What is actually going in passive voice?
Structure, object + V3 + By Subject.
Changes,
1, subject will take place of object.
V1, do, does  Is, am, are
V2, did  was, were
Has, have, had Has been, have been, had been.
Will  Will be
Will have  Will have been.
Ing  being.
Is, am, are will remain the same
Was and were will remain the same
examples
1, He eats an apple. Active
An apple is eaten by him. passive
2, He will eat an apple. Active
An apple will be eaten by him. Passive
3, she had eaten an apple. Active
An apple had been eaten by her. Passive
4, Ali is eating an apple. Active
An apple is being eaten by Ali. Passive
5, He will have eaten an apple. Active
An apple will have been eaten by him. Passive
Direct and indirect narration
What is narration?
The act of reporting the words of a speaker.
There are two main ways of reporting the words of a speaker.
1st, direct speech , 2nd indirect speech.
Direct speech actual words of speaker are quoted as it is without any
change,
The exact words of speaker are enclosed in commas
Changes as per reporting verbs
According to the reporting verb, changes are made in the direct
sentence or the sentence in inverted commas.
• If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the direct sentence is
changed in its past tense
• The tense of direct speech remains unchanged when the reporting
verb is in the present or future tense
• If the direct sentence contains the universal truth, then it remains
unchanged in the Indirect Speech.
 n the below table, we are sharing how tense changes into Indirect speech.
 

Changes as per tense

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present simple Past simple
 (Subject +V1st + Object) (Subject +V2 + Object)

Present continuous Past Continuous

 (Subject +is/am/are+V1 +ing+ Object) (Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object)

Present perfect Past perfect

(Subject + has/have+V3+Object) (Subject+had+V3+Object)

Past simple Past perfect

(Subject+V2+Object) (Subject+had+V3+Object)

Past Continuous Past perfect continuous

(Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object) (Subject +had been+V1 +ing+ Object)

Future simple Present Conditional

(Subject+ will/shall+V1+object) (Subject+ would+V1+object)

Future Continuous Conditional Continuous

(Subject +will/shall+be+V1 +ing+ Object) (Subject +would+be+V1 +ing+ O
When the reporting verb is in present and
future tense
Examples,
• She says to me, I cannot help you today
• She tells me that she cannot help me today.
• She will say to me, you have done great job for him.
• She will tell me that I have done great job for him.
When the reporting verb is in past tense
Examples,
1) He said, "she always wears a coat.”
He said that she always wore a coat.
2) They said, "they are coming for lunch.”
They said that they were coming for lunch.
3) He said, "she has finished her home work.”
He said that she had finished her home work.
4) Meera said, "I have been listening to music.”
Meera said that meera had been listening to music
5) He said, "my friend gave me a book.”
He said that his friend had given him a book.
6) My brother said, “they were living in Delhi.”
Mt brother said that they had been living in Delhi.
7) He said, “I had gone home.”
He said that he had gone home.
8) She said, “I will finish this report in three days.”
She said that she would finish that report in three days.
9) He said , “I will be making tea.”
He said that he would be making tea.
10) She said, “I will have cleaned the room.”
Definite and indefinite articles
• What is definite and indefinite articles with examples?
• We use the definite article 'the' to talk about something specific.
• Indefinite: “I'm going to eat an apple.” This could be any apple, we
don't know which one.
• Definite: “I'm going to eat the apple.” We do know which apple I'm
going to eat.
Preposition of time and place
preposition of place
• A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a
place or space where something or someone is located.
Preposition of time
At Use at with at 12:00 Brad usually eats lunch at 12:00.
times
Other common at night. They often go out at night.
expressions at Christmas (during a period of We visit our family and friends at Christmas.
with at time
around Christmas, for example,
December 23rd-28th
On Use on with on January 18th Ali's birthday is on January 18th.
dates and days on Saturday evenings We usually stay go out on Saturday evenings.
on Christmas day I learned to ride a bicycle in five weeks. We will start
(on December 25th summer vacation in five weeks' time.
Use in for longer in the 1960s The astronauts explored the moon in the 1960s.
periods of time  in the 20th century Automobiles and airplanes became very popular in the
in December 20th century.
In 2010 In December, you will study less.
The Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver in 2010
In Use in + a in a few minutes The learned to ride a bicycle in five weeks. 
period of time in five weeks Bus will be leaving in a few minutes.
= a time in the
• Note: Do not use in/at/on before “next” or “last”
• We will get married next year.

Their baby was born last March