SUBJECT ORIENTATION

✔RULES AND REGULATIONS

▪Presence of mind
▪Ready (nakapag basa prior sa discussion)
▪ Willing to learn and comply
▪ Responsible
▪ One mouth policy
▪ Subject concerns should be inquired via email
[email protected]
▪ KAHOOT/Cards(ABCD)
▪ SHOULD LOOK AT LIFE POSITIVELY ☺

1
SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

WELCOME,
class TO SCIENCE
WORLD
JOSHUA VIDAL
YOUR TEACHER

2
SHARE

ONE WORD THAT BEST

DESCRIBES YOUR
weekend

3
POP QUIZ

4
 OBJECTIVES
The students will be able to:

●Identify the parts of Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic cells;
●Explain the functions of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells in the body; and
●Describe the importance of Mitochondria
and Chloroplast

5
VIDEO
Instruction: Watch the video using the link
below. You are only given 6 minutes to watch
it, after that you will be answering questions
out from the video using your Kahoot.

https://youtu.be/4OpBylwH9DU

6
Question
Instruction: Answer the following in your
chatbox. Write in complete sentence.

●What have you observed to the

transformation of microscope from 17th -
century to 21st -century?
●What is the impact of microscope in
discovery of cell or in biology in general?

7
Outline

●Cellular Level of Organization

●Cell theory
●Cell size

8
Cell Theory
● Detailed study of the cell began in the 1830s
● A unifying concept in biology
● Originated from the work of biologists Schleiden
and Schwann in 1838-9
● States that:
● All organisms are composed of cells
● German botanist Matthais Schleiden in 1838
● German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839
● All cells come only from preexisting cells
● German physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850’s
● Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of
organisms

9
Organisms and Cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. c.

b. 50 m d. 140 m

a: © Geoff Bryant/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Courtesy Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin Madison;

c: © Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service; d: Courtesy O. Sabatakou and E. Xylouri-Frangiadak
10
Sizes of Living Things
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

0.1 1 10 100 1 m 1 m 10 m 1 1 0.1 1 10 100 1

nm nm nm nm 0 0 mm cm m m m m km

protei
n chloroplas
t plant and mous ros
animal frog e e
amin cells egg
o
acid viru
s ostric
most human an h
ato bacteria egg t egg
m blue
electron huma whale
microscope n

light
microscope
human
eye

11
Microscopy and Amoeba proteus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

85 µm 200 nm 500 µm
amoeba, light pseudopod segment, transmission amoeba, scanning electron
micrograph electron micrograph
micrograph
electron source electron
eye electron beam gun
ocular lens electron beam
light
rays
electromagnetic
condenser lens electromagnetic
condenserl
enses
specimen

electromagnetic
objective lens
objective lens scanning
specimen coil
condenser lens
final
electromagnetic
Condenser electron
projector lens
lens detector
secondary
observation screen electrons TV
or specimen Viewing
light photographic plate screen
source
a. Compound light b Transmission electron c. Scanning electron
microscope . microscope microscope
a: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; b: © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Kessel/Shih/Peter Arnold, Inc.

12
Pre-Assessment

Instruction: Raise your answer using your

cards with letters A,B,C,D, to identify the
correct answer.

13
Question
1. The following are the microscopes being

A
used for micrograph.

A. Telescope, Micrograph
B. Compound light microscope, transmission
electron microscope, Scanning electron
microscope
C. Only Compound microscope and Scanning
Microscope
D. All of the above

14
Question
2.Chloroplast and bacteria can be
seen in what type of microscope?

A. Electron microscope
B. Light microscope C
C. Electron and light microscope
D. telescope

15
Question
3. Amino acid can be seen in what
type of microscope?

A.Light microscope
B.Electron microscope B
C.Electron and light microscope
D.Telescope

16
Question

4.The theory of a physician that cells are

come only from preexisting cells

A
A.Rudolf Virchow
B.Matthais Schleiden
C.Zacharias Jansen
D.Theodor Schwann

17
Question

5.The detailed study of the cell began in

the year____?

A
A.1930s
B. 17th -century
C. 1883
D. 21st -century

18
Asynchronous

Instruction: Watch the video then send me an

email and I will send you back the activity to do
later.

https://youtu.be/8IlzKri08kk

19
Announcements/ Reminder

⮚NO GENYO as of today

⮚Everything about the subject will be
sent thru my email [email protected]
⮚Everyone is compelled to
have Science Journal
DocBook ( Notebook)
⮚Topic next meeting
Anything you wanna clarify?
If none, that’s all for today.
See you next meeting

20
Cell Structure and Function

21
Microscopy Today: Compound Light
Microscope
● Light passed through specimen

● Focused by glass lenses

● Image formed on human retina

● Max magnification about 1000X

● Resolves objects separated by 0.2 μm, 500X

better than human eye

22
Compound Light Microscope
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

85 µm
amoeba, light
micrograph

eye
ocular lens
light
rays

objective lens
specimen
condenser lens

light
source
a. Compound light
microscope
© Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service

23
Prokaryotic Cells
● Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
● Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells (which have a nucleus).
● Prokaryotic cells are placed in two taxonomic
domains:
● Bacteria
● Archaea
● Live in extreme habitats
● Domains are structurally similar but biochemically
different

24
The Structure of Bacteria
● Extremely small - 1–1.5 μm wide and 2–6 μm long
● Occur in three basic shapes:
● Spherical coccus,
● Rod-shaped bacillus,
● Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible).
● Cell Envelope includes:
● Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral
protein
● Form internal pouches (mesosomes)
● Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by
peptidoglycan
● Glycocalyx - layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell
wall
● Well organized and resistant to removal (capsule)

25
The Structure of Bacteria

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

spirillum

spirochete bacillus

coccus

26
The Structure of Bacteria
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribosome: Fimbriae:
site of protein hairlike bristles that
synthesis allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients
elongated, hollow
for
appendage used for
later use
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other
plasma membrane bacterial cells
that folds into the Nucleoid:
cytoplasm and location of the
increases surface area bacterial
chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around
cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell

Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact,
called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament Escherichia coli
present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

© Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc.

27
The Structure of Bacteria Cytoplasm &
Appendages
● Cytoplasm
● Semifluid solution
● Bounded by plasma membrane
● Contains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes.
● Nucleoid is a region that contains the single, circular DNA
molecule.
● Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA
● Appendages
● Flagella – Provide motility
● Fimbriae – small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell
surface
● Sex pili – rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to
cell

28
Eukaryotic Cells
● Domain Eukarya includes:
● Protists Ex. amoebas

● Fungi ex. molds

● Plants
● Animals
● Cells contain:
● Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
● Specialized organelles
● Plasma membrane
● Much larger than prokaryotic cells
● Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall

29
Hypothesized Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Original
prokaryotic cell

DN
A

1. Cell gains a nucleus by the

plasma membrane invaginating
and surrounding the DNA
with a double membrane.

2. Cell gains an endomembrane

system by proliferation
of membrane.

3. Cell gains mitochondria.

aerobic
bacterium

mitochondrion

4. Cell gains chloroplasts.

chloroplast
photosynthetic
bacterium
Animal cell
has mitochondria,
but not chloroplasts.

Plant cell
has both mitochondria
and chloroplasts.

30
Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
● Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
● They contain small structures called organelles
● Perform specific functions
● Isolates reactions from others
● Two classes of organelles:
● Endomembrane system:
● Organelles that communicate with one another
● Via membrane channels
● Via small vesicles
● Energy related organelles
● Mitochondria & chloroplasts
● Basically independent & self-sufficient

31
Animal Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

32
Plant Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus: command center of

cell Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
Nuclear envelope: double membrane
sac that stores metabolites and
with
helps maintain turgor pressure
nuclear pores
Nucleolus: that encloses
produces nucleus
subunits of
ribosomes diffuse threads
Chromatin: Cell wall of adjacent cell
containing
DNA andpore:
Nuclear protein
permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and cements together the
ribosomal primary cell walls of
subunits out
Ribosomes: of nucleus
carry adjacent plant cells
out protein Chloroplast*: carries
synthesis
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-
reticulum: protein containing
and lipid thylakoids
metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion:
with ribosomes organelle
that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
Smooth ER: lacks
ATP molecules
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of
organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement
metabolism of
cell and organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes,
Plasma membrane: surrounds
packages, and secretes
cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins
and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
outside supports, and protects cell
nucleus that contains organelles
*not in animal
cells

33
Nucleus
● Command center of cell, usually near center
● Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
● Consists of double layer of membrane
● Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm
& cytoplasm
● Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm
● Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins
● Condenses to form chromosomes
● Chromosomes are formed during cell division
● Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA
● Produces subunits of ribosomes

34
Anatomy of the Nucleus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nuclear
envelope

nucleolu
s

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner por
membrane e
chromati
outer
membrane n
nucleoplas
nuclear pore
m

phospholipi
d

(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock
35
Ribosomes
● Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell
● Composed of rRNA
● Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
● Subunits made in nucleolus
● May be located:
● On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it
“rough”), or
● Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called
polyribosomes

36
Nucleus, Ribosomes, & ER
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cytoplas
Endoplasmic m
reticulum
(ER)
ER membrane
protei
n 4. An enzyme removes
the signal Lumen of
peptide. ER
5. Ribosomal subunits and
mRNA break
away. The enzyme
protein remains in
the ER
and folds into its receptor
mRNA
final shape.
SRP
signal
recognition
particle (SRP)
2. Signal recognition
3. SRP attaches to receptor particle
(purple); (SRP) binds
a channel opens; and to signal
the peptide.
polypeptide enters ER..

signal
ribosoma peptide
l nuclear
ribosom
subunits pore
e

mRNA

mRNA DNA

1. mRNA is leaving the

nucleus and Nucleu
is attached s
to the
ribosome; protein
synthesis is
occurring.

37
Endomembrane System
● Series of intracellular membranes that
compartmentalize the cell
● Restrict enzymatic reactions to specific
compartments within cell
● Consists of:
● Nuclear envelope
● Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
● Golgi apparatus
● Vesicles
● Several types
● Transport materials between organelles of system

38
Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
● A system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles)
continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
● Rough ER
● Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
● Protein anabolism
● Synthesizes proteins
● Modifies and processes proteins
● Adds sugar to protein
● Results in glycoproteins
● Smooth ER
● No ribosomes
● Synthesis of lipids
● Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
● Forms transport vesicles

39
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ribosome nuclear
s envelope
rough
endoplasmi
c
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmi
c
reticulum

0.0 m
© R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited 8

40
Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
● Golgi Apparatus
● Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules
● Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
● Modifies proteins and lipids
● Receives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face)
● Packages them in vesicles
● Prepares for “shipment” in v Packages them in
vesicles from trans (or outer face)
● Within cell
● Export from cell (secretion, exocytosis)

41
Golgi Apparatus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

secretion

transport saccules
vesicle
transport
vesicle

trans face

cis face

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

0.1 m

Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224

42
Endomembrane System: Lysosomes
● Membrane-bound vesicles (not in plants)
● Produced by the Golgi apparatus
● Contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly
acidic
● Digestion of large molecules
● Recycling of cellular resources
● Apoptosis (programmed cell death, like tadpole losing tail)
● Some genetic diseases
● Caused by defect in lysosomal enzyme
● Lysosomal storage diseases (Tay-Sachs)

43
Lysosomes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

lysosome

mitochondrion peroxisome fragment

a. Mitochondrion and a peroxisome in a lysosome

b. Storage bodies in a cell with defective lysosomes

a: Courtesy Daniel S. Friend; b: Courtesy Robert D. Terry/Univ. of San Diego School of Medicine

44
Endomembrane System: Summary
● Proteins produced in rough ER and lipids from
smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi
apparatus.
● The Golgi apparatus modifies these products and
then sorts and packages them into vesicles that
go to various cell destinations.
● Secretory vesicles carry products to the
membrane where exocytosis produces
secretions.
● Lysosomes fuse with incoming vesicles and
digest macromolecules.

45
Endomembrane System: A Visual Summary
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
secretio
n
plasma
membrane

incoming vesicle secretory vesicle

brings substances into fuses with the plasma
the membrane as
cell that are digested secretion
when occurs
the vesicle fuses with a
lysosome

enzyme

Golgi apparatus
modifies lipids and
lysosome proteins
contains digestive from the ER; sorts them
enzymes and packages them in
that break down worn-out vesicles
cell parts or substances
entering the cell at the protei
plasma membrane n

transport vesicle
transport vesicle shuttles proteins to
shuttles lipids to various locations such
various as
locations such as the the Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
lipi
d
rough endoplasmic
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
reticulum synthesizes proteins and
synthesizes lipids packages them in
and vesicles;
also performs various vesicles commonly go to
other functions the Golgi apparatus
ribosom Nucleu
e s

46
Vacuoles
● Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles
● Store materials that occur in excess
● Others very specialized (contractile vacuole)
● Plants cells typically have a central vacuole
● Up to 90% volume of some cells
● Functions in:
● Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products
● Development of turgor pressure
● Some functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes

47
Vacuoles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

100
nm
© Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service

48
Energy-Related Organelles: Chloroplasts
● Membranous organelles (a type of plastid) that serve as the site of
photosynthesis
● Captures light energy to drive cellular machinery

● Photosynthesis
● Synthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2O

● Makes own food using CO2 as only carbon source

● Energy-poor compounds converted to energy-rich compounds

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen

● Only plants, algae, and certain bacteria are capable of conducting
photosynthesis

49
Energy-Related Organelles: Chloroplasts

● Bound by a double membrane organized

into flattened disc-like sacs called
thylakoids
● Chlorophyll and other pigments capture
solar energy
● Enzymes synthesize carbohydrates

50
Chloroplast Structure
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a 500
. nm
outer thylakoid
membran gran space strom thylakoid
double e a a membrane
inner
membran membran
e e

b
.
a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University

51
Energy-Related Organelles: Mitochondria
● Smaller than chloroplast

● Contain ribosomes and their own DNA

● Surrounded by a double membrane

● Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form
cristae.

● Matrix – Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes

● Break down carbohydrates

● Involved in cellular respiration

● Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell

52
Mitochondrial Structure
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. 200 nm
outer
membran cristae matrix
double e
inner
membran
membran
e
e

b
.
a: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter

53
The Cytoskeleton
● Maintains cell shape

● Assists in movement of cell and organelles

● Three types of macromolecular fibers

● Actin Filaments

● Intermediate Filaments

● Microtubules

● Assemble and disassemble as needed

54
The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments
● Extremely thin filaments like twisted pearl
necklace
● Dense web just under plasma membrane
maintains cell shape
● Support for microvilli in intestinal cells
● Intracellular traffic control
● For moving stuff around within cell
● Cytoplasmic streaming
● Function in pseudopods of amoeboid cells
● Pinch mother cell in two after animal mitosis
● Important component in muscle contraction (other
is myosin)

55
The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filament Operation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin filament

ATP ADP + P myosin

molecule
s

tail head membrane

56
The Cytoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

● Intermediate in size between actin filaments and

microtubules
● Rope-like assembly of fibrous polypeptides
● Vary in nature
● From tissue to tissue
● From time to time
● Functions:
● Support nuclear envelope
● Cell-cell junctions, like those holding skin cells tightly
together

57
The Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
● Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins
called α and β tubulin
● Spontaneous pairing of α and β tubulin molecules
form structures called dimers
● Dimers then arrange themselves into tubular
spirals of 13 dimers around
● Assembly:
● Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center
(MTOC)
● Most important MTOC is centrosome
● Interacts with proteins kinesin and dynein to
cause movement of organelles

58
The Cytoskeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin
subunit

Chara

a. Actin filaments

fibrous
subunits

peacock
b. Intermediate filaments

tubulin
dimer

chameleon
c. Microtubules

a(Actin): © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): © K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by
Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): © Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): © Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images
59
Microtubular Arrays: Cilia and Flagella
● Hair-like projections from cell surface that aid in
cell movement
● Very different from prokaryotic flagella
● Outer covering of plasma membrane
● Inside this is a cylinder of 18 microtubules arranged in
9 pairs
● In center are two single microtubules
● This 9 + 2 pattern used by all cilia & flagella
● In eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagella
● Cilia move in coordinated waves like oars
● Flagella move like a propeller or cork screw

60
Structure of a Flagellum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

outer
Flagellu microtubul
m e
doublet
radial
spoke
central
shaft The shaft of the microtubule
flagellum has a s
ring
of nine microtubule dynein
doublets anchored side arm
to a central pair of
microtubules.
25
Flagellum cross
nm
section

The side arms dynein

Sper of each doublet side arms
m plasma are composed
triplets membran of dynein, a
e motor
molecule.

Basal body
ATP

In the presence of
ATP, the dynein side
arms reach out to
their neighbors,
The basal body of a flagellum and bending occurs.
100 nm has
Basal body cross section a ring of nine microtubule triplets
with no central microtubules.
(Flagellum, Basal body): © William L. Dentler/Biological Photo Service

61
Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

62
ACTIVITY #1

https://forms.gle/9mryx9QwsR2UALjq6

63
Review
● Cellular Level of Organization
● Cell theory
● Cell size
● Prokaryotic Cells
● Eukaryotic Cells
● Organelles
● Nucleus and Ribosome
● Endomembrane System
● Other Vesicles and Vacuoles
● Energy related organelles
● Cytoskeleton
● Cilia, and Flagella

64
ASSIGNMENT
● Procedure: In your short bond paper
answer the test below.
https://studylib.net/doc/14980902/quiz-on-c
ell-virus

65
Cell Structure and Function

THANK YOU SO MUCH

FOR LISTENING!

66