INTEGRATED PEST

AND DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Pedro “Peter” V. Cruz
 IPM PRAYER
I.
LORD ON THIS VERY HOUR WE PRAY,
THE STRENGTH TO LIVE MY BEST TODAY;
DRAW NEAR TO ME AND I SHALL SEE,
THE KIND OF PERSON I SHALL BE.

II.
IN SERVING OTHERS, I MAY SEE
THAT I AM ONLY SERVING THEE;
TEACH ME OH LORD ON THY GREAT PLAN,
THAT I SHALL BE A BETTER MAN.
(REPEAT II)
INTRODUCTION
Cocoa is affected by range of pests and diseases with estimates putting losses as
high as 30% - 40% of global production.

In 2000, the cocoa pod borer in Indonesia had infested 60,000 hectares inflicting
losses of US $40 million per year.

Pod rot or black pod (P.palmivora) causes global yield loss of 20% - 30% and tree
deaths of 10% annually.

Therefore, an Integrated Pest and Disease Management approach is a must to

combat these factors that limits cocoa production.
What do farmers want and need?
People remember:

20% of what they hear

40% of what they SEE

80% of what they DISCOVER

FOR THEMSELVES
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF
COCOA BEAN ON FARMER’S LEVEL

1 - GENETIC 2 - ENVIRONMENT 3 - FARM

MANAGEMENT

4 - PESTS AND 5 - POST HARVEST

DISEASES PROCESSING
30 Ug gihatag ko usab sa tanang mga
mananap ang tanang lunhawng tanom
ingon nga ilang pagkaon.” Ug natuman
kini.

Genesis 1:30 (APSD-CEB)

01
INTEGRATED
PEST
MANAGEMENT
26 Unya miingon ang Dios, “Magbuhat kita ug tawo

nga sama kanato. Gamhan nila ang tanang matang sa

mga mananap: ang nagapuyo sa tubig, ang

nagalupad, ang nagalakaw, ug ang nagakamang.”

Genesis 1:26 (APSD-CEB)

PRINCIPLES OF IPM

3. Regular monitoring
1. Grow a healthy crop

2. Conserve the natural 4. Farmers as experts/managers

enemies (decision making)
 COCOA POD BORER

EGG 3-7 DAYS LARVE 14-18 DAYS

MOTH 3-7 DAYS PUPA 5-7 DAYS

A B C D
PRUNING
 COCOA POD BORER EVALUATION
CY 2008 - 2009
PERCENT A & B PODS CATEGORY
MONTH T R EAT M E NT S

GAP 10 SPRAYS 4 SP 6 SL 10 SLEEVES CONTROL 22 SPRAYS

Jan 32.38 64.56 91.11 84.11 7.69 19.92

Feb 22.16 18.43 27.65 55.06 3.84 5.59
Mar 34.38 29.36 18.70 21.26 5.90 42.14
Apr 34.59 32.74 40.25 35.40 8.26 19.88
May 22.25 37.03 81.72 88.95 13.27 17.20
Jun 13.71 18.95 84.95 86.44 12.64 28.56
Jul 14.95 16.35 96.34 78.60 8.00 13.80
Aug 14.80 29.58 68.22 65.90 3.20 24.00
Sep 19.90 32.40 83.70 90.40 18.18 24.17
Oct 19.96 33.69 90.05 90.96 15.77 19.78
Nov 20.94 26.23 90.60 96.00 17.35 30.30
Dec 27.09 26.41 79.07 82.44 12.07 13.37
Total 277.11 365.73 852.36 875.52 126.17 258.70
Mean 23.09 30.48 71.03 72.96 10.51 21.56
BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL IN IPM
SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVES:

1. Understanding the 3. Augmentation of NEs

natural enemies (NEs)

2. Conserving NEs 4. Introduction of NEs

GROUP OF
NATURAL
ENEMIES
(NEs)
A. PARASITES

1. Trichogramma cojuangcoi - egg parasitoid

2. Brachymeria obscurata - larval parasitoid

3. Paraphylax facietapenis - pupal

parasitoid

4. Carcelia sp. (Tacchinid fly) - pupal parasitoid

(coconut)
B. PREDATORS
1. Earwig
2. Anthocorid Bug
3. Coccinellid Beetles
4. Syrphid Flies
5. Lacewings
6. Spiders
7. Ants - Black and Weaver Ant
8. Snakes
9. Birds - Hawks, Eagles and Owls
C. PATHOGENS
1. Bacillus Thuringiensis Bacteria - against borers

2. Green Muscardine Fungus - against coconut beetles

3. Baculo Virus - against coconut beetles

4. Beauvaria Bassiana - fungus infecting larva & pupa

5. Trichoderma Fungus - biocontrol for dumping off,

fusarium wilt, sheath blight and
Phytophthora

6. Actinomycete - secretes antibiotic material to

help curb diseases

7. Mycorrhiza - provide protection against

stem rot, root disease and fusarium wilt
NU
D. SEX PHEROMONES OR MALE ANNIHILATION TECHNIQUE

PHEROMONE TRAP
PRUNING
15 Nagpadayon si Jesus sa pagsulti, “Ako ang
tinuod nga punoan sa ubas, ug ang akong
Amahan mao ang tig-atiman. 2 Ang akong mga
sanga nga dili mamunga putlon niya, ug ang
matag sanga nga mamunga, pul-ongan niya aron
mamunga pa gayod ug daghan.
Juan 15:1-2 (APSD-CEB)
SEPTEMBER 2011 (3.1 YEARS OLD)
INSECTICIDE SPRAYING
 POLLINATOR - POPULATION BEFORE AND
AFTER INSECTICIDE + FOLIAR SPRAYING
USING A MOTORIZED SPRAYER

Date of Collection Pollinator - Population

August 29, 1989 220

Day of Spraying -

August 31 0

September 1 6

September 2 13

Sunday -

September 4 43

September 5 247
SLEEVING
FREQUENT HARVESTING
 MUCH FRUIT
7 Kon magpabilin kamo kanako ug tipigan ninyo sa
inyong mga kasingkasing ang akong mga pulong,
makapangayo kamo kanako bisan unsa nga inyong gusto,
ug madawat ninyo kini. 8 Kon padayon kamo nga
mamungag daghan, dayegon sa mga tawo ang akong
Amahan, ug pinaagi niini masayran nga kamo akong mga
tinun-an.

Juan 15:7-8 (APSD-CEB)

A 2 YR OLD REHABILITATED COCOA TREE (SIDE GRAFTING)
GROW CACAO
WITH GOD’S
WORD AND
SOON
HARVEST A
HUNDREDFOLD
!
A 2 YR OLD REHABILITATED COCOA TREE (CHUPON GRAFTING)
 MEETING WITH
FARMERS AT MABIRI

MEETING WITH
FARMERS AT TINPUTZ
 DEMO ON SIDE
GRAFTING

MEETING WITH
FARMERS AT TEAROUKI
02
INTEGRATED
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
FACTORS FOR NECESSARY DISEASE
PRODUCTION

1. Susceptible Host (SH)

2. Virulent Pathogen (VP)

3. Favorable Environment
(FE)
DISEASE CYCLE

 Inoculum
 Environment
- Water
- Soil
 Vectors
COCOA POD ROT
 TABLE 1

PERCENTAGE OF BLACK PODS ASSIGNED TO SOURCE

CATEGORIES IN MAPPING SITE OBSERVATIONS ON
AMELONADO COCOA AT GAMBARI, 1974 - 75

%
SOURCE CATEGORIES
ASSIGNED

CONTACT WITH OR SPLASH FROM INFECTED POD 77.8

FROM SOIL OR LITTER BY SPLASH OR CONTACT 5.0
SPORULATING CANKERS OR INFECTED FLOWER
1.6
CUSHIONS
ANT TENTS 5.8
INSECT OR RODENT DAMAGE 4.9
NO OBVIOUS SOURCE 10.9

(SOURCE: MADDISON, 1981a)

 CAUSAL AGENTS

BIOTIC ABIOTIC

- BACTERIA - UNFAVORABLE SOIL

MOISTURE

- VIRUSES - UNFAVORABLE SOIL pH

- FUNGI - NUTRIENT IMBALANCE

- NEMATODES - IMPROPER AGRI’L

PRACTICES
SANITATION
STEM CANKER
BIO-FUNGICIDE CANDIDATES
INTEGRATED PEST AND
DISEASE MANAGEMENT

9 Makadaghan ko na daota ang inyong mga

tanaman pinaagi sa init nga hangin ug peste.
Giataki sa mga dulon ang inyong mga kahoy
nga igos ug olibo. Apan wala gihapon kamo
mobalik kanako. Ako, ang Ginoo, ang
nagaingon niini.

Amos 4:9 (APSD-CEB)

VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK
PBC 123: VSD RESISTANT CLONE
W 10: VSD TOLERANT CLONE
INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
10 Karon, aghaton ko kamo nga sulayan ninyo ako, ang Ginoo
nga Makagagahom. Dad-a ninyo ang tibuok ninyong ikapulo
sa bodega sa templo aron may pagkaon diha sa akong templo.
Kon himuon ninyo kini, padad-an ko kamo ug ulan ug
hatagan ug naghinobrang panalangin. 11 Dili ko tugotan nga
kaonon sa peste ang inyong mga pananom. Ug ang inyong
mga ubas dili mangalarag.

Malakias 3:10-11 (APSD-CEB)

 TITHING
30 Ang ikanapulo nga bahin sa tanang mga abot

iya sa Ginoo.

Leviticus 27:30 (APSD-CEB)

PRODUCTIVITY
 UNFRUITFULNESS
9 Timan-i ninyo kini: ang atsa andam na aron iputol

sa punoan sa mga kahoy. Ang matag kahoy nga wala

mamunga ug maayong bunga putlon ug ilabay sa

kalayo.”

Lucas 3:9 (APSD-CEB)

PROFITABILITY
250
1981-84 MEAN % INFESTATION OF POD BORER 1981-84 MEAN RAINFALL (mm) 1981-84 MEAN DRY YIELD PER HA. (kg)
215.26

200

177.87

161.38

150 143.14
137.81

123.01

93.12 96.95
100 89.35
81.34
75.74 74.67
63.66
68.97

36.38 41.25 42.99

50 48.89 41.36
35.3 36.26 36.04 34.4 35.82

9.02 12.2 11.08 10.78

5.45 6.47 6.29 8.73 9.01 6.86
2.61 2.76

0
January February March April May June July August September October November December

Access Pruning Low Peak Harvest Access Pruning Sleeving /Spraying Access Pruning and Fertilization

Sleeving/Spraying Fertilization High Peak Harvesting

 3x
is
proven
A COCOA GROWER WHO DOES NOT
LOOK AFTER HIS FARM PROPERLY
CANNOT HARVEST PLENTY OF BIG,
CLEAN PODS AND WILL NOT EARN
MUCH MONEY.
MARCH 2013
30 Pabungahon kog daghan ang mga kahoy ug
padaghanon ko ang inyong mga ani aron dili na
kamo maulawan ngadto sa uban nga mga nasod
tungod sa kagutom.

Ezekiel 36:30 (APSD-CEB)

MARCH 2013
5 “Ako mao ang punoan sa ubas, ug kamo ang
akong mga sanga. Ang tawo nga nagapabilin
kanako ug ako diha kaniya, maoy mamungag
daghan, kay kon wala ako kaninyo wala gayod
kamoy mahimo.

Juan 15:5 (APSD-CEB)

GOD BLESS
THE
WORK OF
YOUR
HANDS!