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Kinematics

The document discusses kinematics and motion, including key concepts like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and acceleration. It provides examples and explores these concepts graphically through position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs. Sample problems are worked through involving falling objects, motion graphs, and braking distances.

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Antwone Chaplain
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45 views

Kinematics

The document discusses kinematics and motion, including key concepts like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, and acceleration. It provides examples and explores these concepts graphically through position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs. Sample problems are worked through involving falling objects, motion graphs, and braking distances.

Uploaded by

Antwone Chaplain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kinematics-Study of Motion

Campion College
Distance: The length of the
total path travelled by the
body- scalar quantity
Displacement- The length of
the shortest path travelled
from A to B.
It is a vector quantity
Examples
Vectors Scalars
Both quantities are measured in meters per second
Uniform and non-Uniform
speed and velocity
Acceleration- rate of change of
velocity.
i.e. If the velocity changes then
there will be acceleration
When does velocity change?
Variables that may affect the
1. outcome...

Things to ponder?
• Speed can change while velocity remains constant? Explain.

• Velocity can change while speed remains constant? Explain.

• Can velocity be zero while acceleration is NOT zero? Explain.


The experiment
Terminal velocity
Based on the illustration: What is terminal velocity?
Equations of uniformly accelerated Motion
● Consider an object travelling along a straight line with initial velocity, u, and
uniform acceleration, a.
● Suppose it travels a distance, s, in a time, t, as shown.

• Acceleration, a = (1)

• Distance travelled, s = (2)

• Substitute v from equation (1) into (2)

• Substitute t from equation (1) into (2)


Graphical Solutions
• Position vs. time (​x​vs. ​t​)
• Velocity vs. time (​v​vs. ​t​)
• Acceleration vs. time (​a​vs. ​t​)

Interpret the position-time


graph shown.
Graphical solution
● Position-time graphs lead directly to velocity-time graphs: The slope of a
position-time line shows the velocity of the object in the same time interval.

● Attempt to sketch the velocity-time graph for the action in the previous
scenario.
The velocity-time graph for the last segment of her ride (​t​= 8 to ​t​= 15)
needs to show a ​straight line where her velocity is growing negatively​​.
Sketch the acceleration-time graph for this motion
Recall: Acceleration: ​a change in velocity​​.
Explanation
● For the ​first eight seconds​of her ride, the girl's ​velocity was not changing​.
(Again, ignoring her instantaneous shift from 2 m/s to point where she
stopped.)
● That means ​for the first eight seconds her acceleration was zero​.
● Making the motion graph for this, where the y-axis is now showing ​acceleration​
in m/s2.
● Now, for the last portion of her ride, recall that her velocity was ​increasing at a
constant rate in the negative direction​. Since increasing velocity ​is acceleration​,
the acceleration-time graph should have a flat line in the negative quadrant
from eight seconds onward.
Examples
● A ball is allowed to fall from rest and hits the floor 5 s later.
● Sketch
1. The position- time graph
2. The velocity- time graph
3. The acceleration-time graph for the motion
Try this question
● An object is tossed vertically upwards and returns to the thrower in 8 s.
1. Sketch the displacement-time graph for the motion.
2. Sketch the velocity-time graph for the motion.
Try this question
● Velocity vs. time graph of an object traveling along a straight line given below.
a) Draw the acceleration vs. time graph,
b) Draw the position vs. time graph of the object.
Solution
● Slope of the velocity vs. time graph gives us acceleration.
● In first interval, slope of the line is constant and negative, thus, acceleration of
the object is also constant and negative. In other words, object does slowing
down motion in positive direction with negative acceleration.
● Slope=(0-v)/t=-a

● In the second interval, slope is constant and positive, so acceleration is also


constant and positive. Object does speeding up motion in positive direction.
● Slope=(v-0)/t=+a
b) In the first and second interval velocity of the object
sketch changes constantly thus; position time graph becomes like
in the picture given below.
Bouncing ball
● A ball is allowed to fall freely and bounces thrice.
Sketch:
1. the motion-time graph
2. the velocity-time graph
3. the acceleration-time graph for the motion of the ball.
[assuming air resistance is not negligible]
The graphs to the left represents a
student’s response.
Do you concur with the sketches
drawn? Explain each.
Velocity-Time Graph
Redraw the velocity-time graph taking
• Downward velocities as positive
• Upward as negative.
Word Questions
● E.g. 1. A stone falls vertically for 2 s and embeds itself 2 cm in soft mud.
What is the average acceleration in the mud?

● E.g. 2, A motorist travelling at 13 m/s approaches traffic lights which turn red
when he is 25 m from the stop line.
His reaction time is 0.7 s and the condition of the road and tyres is such that
the car cannot slow down at a rate of more than 4.5 m/s2.
If he brakes fully, how far from the stop line did he stop and which side of it.

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