Scribd
Upload
77 views

BIOSURFACTANT

Biosurfactants are surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms that reduce surface tension and promote foaming and emulsification. They include glycolipids, lipopeptides, and phospholipids. Biosurfactants have several advantages over chemical surfactants such as low toxicity, biodegradability, and ecocompatibility. They are used in applications like detergents, cosmetics, and bioremediation due to these advantages.

Uploaded by

Hadi Fauzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
77 views

BIOSURFACTANT

Biosurfactants are surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms that reduce surface tension and promote foaming and emulsification. They include glycolipids, lipopeptides, and phospholipids. Biosurfactants have several advantages over chemical surfactants such as low toxicity, biodegradability, and ecocompatibility. They are used in applications like detergents, cosmetics, and bioremediation due to these advantages.

Uploaded by

Hadi Fauzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

 surface-active biomolecules that are produced by a variety

of microorganisms.

 They have the properties of reducing surface tension,


stabilising emulsions, promoting foaming and are generally
non-toxic and biodegradable.
 Low molecular  High molecular
mass molecules mass polymer
with lower surface which bind tighly
and interfacial to surfaces
tensions  Major class:
 Major classes: ~ polymeric and
~ glycolipids particulate
~ lipopeptides surfactants
~ phospholipids
glycolipids phospholipids

lipopeptides polymeric
 Lipids with a carbohydrate
attached.
 Made up of carbohydrate in
combination with long chain
aliphatic acids or hydroxyaliphatic
acids.
 Among the glycolipids, the best
known are rhamnolipids,
trehalolipids and sophorolipids.
Rhamnolipid
• Pseudomonads are rod-shaped gram-negative
bacteria found in soils that produce extracellular
lipids known as rhamnolipids.

The term is indicative of the fact that these lipids


contain one or two rhamnose units, linked
glycosidically to a 3-hydroxy acid, thence by an ester
bond to a further 3-hydroxy acid .
Trehalose
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide in which
the two glucose units are linked in an α,α-1,1-
glycosidic linkage.

It is the basic component of a number of cell wall
glycolipids in Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria.
Sophorolipids
Some yeast species, and in particular Candida
(Torulopsis) bombicola, secrete extracellular
glycolipids known as sophorolipids (or
sophorosides), as they contain the sugar
sophorose (β-D-Glc-(1→2)-D-Glc).
 A lipid that contains one or
more phosphate groups
 Form major components of
microbial membranes
 Each molecules consists of a
hydrophilic portion and a
hydrophobic portion
 is a molecule consisting of a
lipid attached to a polypeptide
chain.
 A large number of cyclic
lipopetides, including
decapeptide antibiotics and
lipopeptide antibiotics are
produced.
 Eg: surfactin
Surfactin
The cyclic lipopeptide surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilis, is
one of the most powerful biosurfactants.

Lipopeptides belonging to the surfactin family are formed by


nonribosomal peptide synthesis and polyketide synthesis.

 It is composed of a seven amino-acid ring structure coupled to


a fatty-acid chain via lactone linkage.

It lowers the surface tension from 72 to 27.9 mN/m at


concentrations as low as 0.005%
 The best studied
polymeric biosurfactants
is emulsan.
 Emulsan: very effective
emulsifying agent for
hydrocarbons in water
Emulsan, synthesized
by Acinetobacter sp
Emulsan

Emulsan, the polyanionic emulsifying agent


synthesized by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1,
was depolymerized by an enzyme obtained from a
soil bacterium YUV-1
Environmental factor
pH
Temperature
Oxygen availability
Concentration of salt (salinity)
Not all biosurfactant are affected to the
environmental factor above.

Different biosurfactant are affectesd to different


environment factor due to the different
microorganism that synthesized them.

For example, biosurfactant that produced by


Pseudomonas strains were not affected by the
temperature, pH and Ca, Mg concentration in the
ranges found in many oil reservoirs.
APPLICATIONS OF
BIOSURFACTANT
COSMETICS
 Regarding the mechanisms for preservation of moisture, we
expect

1) the structure resembling ceramide will easily penetrate the


intercellular spaces in the stratum corneum, and

2) it will be effective in moisture retention and maintenance at


the skin intercellular level, as it easily forms liquid crystals .

 Furthermore, as the biosurfactant easily forms capsule of nano-


meter size (liposome), it is easy to mix with other cosmetic
components, which could contribute to stabilization of these
components (capsule protection effect), and improves the
permeability to the skin (capsule affinity effect).
Stratum corneum
The stratum corneum ("horny layer") is the
outermost layer of the epidermis .

It is composed mainly of dead cells that


lack nuclei.

Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin,


a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by
preventing water evaporation
Liposomes can be composed of naturally-derived
phospholipids with mixed lipid chains or other
surfactants.

The molecular shape of a phospholipid consists of a


water-loving head and two oil-loving tails.
DETERGENT
 One end of the molecule has a long non-polar chain that is
attracted to oil, grease, and dirt (the hydrophobic).

 Another part of the molecule is attracted to water (the


hydrophilic).

 The surfactant lines up at the interface.

 The hydrophobic end of the molecule gets away from the water
and the hydrophilic end stays next to the water.

 When dirt or grease is present (hydrophobic in nature) the


surfactants surround it until it is dislodged from the boundary.

 Notice that the dirt molecules are actually suspended in


solution.
 Biodegradability, which are easily degraded by
bacteria and other microscopic organism; hence they
do not pose much threat to the environment.

 Generally low toxicity. For example, glycolipids from


Rhodococcus sp. are 50% less toxic than Tween 80 in
naphthalene solubilization tests.

 Biocompatibility and digestibility, which allows their


application in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and as
functional food additives.

 Availability of raw materials. Biosurfactants can be


produced from cheap raw materials which are
available in large quantities.
 Acceptable production economics. Depending on the
application, biosurfactants can also be produced from
industrial wastes and byproducts.

 Use in environmental control. Biosurfactants can be


efficiently used in handling industrial emulsions, control
of oil spills, biodegradation and detoxification of industrial
effluents and in bioremediation of contaminated soil.

 Specificity. Biosurfactants being complex organic


molecules with specific functional groups, are often
specific in their action.
Biosurfactants are surface-active substances
synthesised by living cells which can reduce surface
tension, stabilizing emulsions, promoting foaming
and are generally non-toxic and biodegradable.

It is used widely in different application.


 Muthusamy, K. et. al., Biosurfactants: Properties,
commercial production and application: Review
articles. Current Science, 2008, 94, 736-745.
Pattanathu, K.S.M. Rahman and Gakpe, E.,
Production, Characterisation and Application of
Biosufactant: A review. Biotechnology, 2008, 7(2),
360-370.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurfactant

You might also like