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Grade 12 Geometric Sequence Intro L2

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Sri Devi Nagarjuna
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74 views

Grade 12 Geometric Sequence Intro L2

Uploaded by

Sri Devi Nagarjuna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometric Sequence

A geometric sequence is one where to get from one term to the


next you multiply by the same number each time. This number
is called the common ratio, r.

1 2 3 4
Eg 2, 10, 50, 250 ...
r=5
x5 x5 x5

10=5 50=5 250=5


2 10 50
Geometric Sequence
1 2 3 4
1
Eg 90, -30, 10,  ... 1
r=
3 
3
3
1 1
x3 x3 x1
3

1
3
-30= 
1 10 =  1 3 = 1
3 -30 3 10 3
90

Common ratio =u2 ‘Second term divided by


u1 the first’
How do we find r= the number you times by to
get to the next term

the nth term? a= the first term of the


sequence

1 2 3 4 n r= 5
Eg 2, 10, 50, 250 ... ? ... a=2

a ar ar2 ar3 arn-1

This is the same for all geometric


sequences
r= the number you times by to
Your check list get to the next term

You will need to a= the first term of the


sequence
find or use these: What terms have you got/need
to find?

The second term of a geometric sequence is 4 and the 4th


term is 8. Find the values of a) the common ration b) first
term and c) the 10th term.
So what do we have:
1 2 3 4
?, 4, ?, 8 ....
ar ar3
The second term of a geometric sequence r= the number you times by to get to the
is 4 and the 4th term is 8. Find the values next term
of a) the common ration b) first term and a= the first term of the sequence
c) the 10th term. What terms have you got/need to find?

So what do we have:
1 2 3 4
?, 4, ?, 8 .... 1) ar =4
2) ar3 =8
ar ar3
ar3 =8
r2 =2 r =√2
ar 4

Using ar= 4 a√2 = 4 a= 4 a= 2 √2


√2
r =√2 r= the number you times by to get to the
next term
a= 2 √2 a= the first term of the sequence
the 10th term What terms have you got/need to find?

nth term = arn-1


1 2 3 4 ...... 10
?, 4, ?, 8 .... ar9

ar = 2 √2 (√2)
9 9

ar = 2 √2
9 10

ar = 2 x2
9 5
ar = 2
9 6

10 term= 64
th
Andy invests £A at a rate of interest 4% r= the number you times by to get to the
per annum. After 5 years it will be worth next term
£10 000. How much (to the nearest a= the first term of the sequence
penny) will it be worth after 10 years? What terms have you got/need to find?

So what do we have:
r=1.04 ( think if it will increase in value you need that 1!)
a= £A (this gives you a hint that you will need to work out A)
Think about the terms:
1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year

1 2 3 4 5 6
a ? ? ? ? 10000
ar5=10 000 ( Power is usually the same as the years but always check!)

ar10=? ( Using the same idea after 10 years will be the 11th term)
Andy invests £A at a rate of interest 4% r= the number you times by to get to the
per annum. After 5 years it will be worth next term
£10 000. How much (to the nearest a= the first term of the sequence
penny) will it be worth after 10 years? What terms have you got/need to find?

ax1.045=10 000 ( Replace the r!)

£A= £10 000 £A = £8219.27


1.045
ar10=?
£10 000 x 1.0410 = £10 000 x 1.045
1.045
ar10= £12166.53
What is the first term in the geometric r= the number you times by to get to the
progression 3,6,12,24.... To exceed 1 next term
million? a= the first term of the sequence
What terms have you got/need to find?

r=2 ( 6 divided by 3)
a= 3
nth term = arn-1 > 1000 000
3x2n-1 > 1000 000
2n-1 > 1000 000
3
n-1> log2 (1000 000)
3
n-1> 18.35 (2dp)
n> 19.35 (2dp)
n = 20 So 20th term
Geometric Series
A geometric series is the sum of a geometric sequence
Terms: 1 2 3 4 n-1 n
Sn a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +.......+ arn-2 + arn-1
Terms: 1 2 3 4 n-1 n
rSn ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 +.......+ arn-1 + arn

Sn a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +.......+ arn-2 + arn-1


rSn ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 +.......+ arn-1 + arn
Sn- r Sn = a-arn
Sn(1-r)= a(1-rn)
Sn = a(1-rn)
1-r
r 1 r 1
Geometric Series
Sn = a(1-rn) Sn = a(rn-1)
1-r r-1
An investor invests £2000 on January 1st every year in an account that guarantees 4% per
annum, If the interest is calculated on the 31st of December each year, how much will be in
the account at the end of the 10th year?

So using logic break it down to understand what is


happening:
End of year 1: 2000 x 1.04
Start of year 2: 2000 x 1.04 +2000
End of year 2: (2000 x 1.04 +2000) x 1.04
2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04
Start of year 3: 2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04 +2000
Start of year 3: (2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04 +2000) x 1.04
2000 x 1.043 +2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04
Geometric Series
End of year 1: 2000 x 1.04
Start of year 2: 2000 x 1.04 +2000
Sn = a(rn-1)
End of year 2: (2000 x 1.04 +2000) x 1.04 r-1
2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04
Start of year 3: 2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04 +2000
Start of year 3: (2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04 +2000) x 1.04
2000 x 1.043 +2000 x 1.042 +2000 x 1.04

End of year 10: 2000 x 1.0410 +2000 x 1.049 +..............+2000 x 1.04

End of year 10: 2000 (1.0410 + 1.049 +..............+1.04) Geometric series!!!


r=1.04
End of year 10: 2000 x 1.04 (1.0410-1) a=1.04
1.04-1

End of year 10: = £24 972.70


Geometric Series
Some problems could be described like this


10 r
The sum of
r 1
3  2
This for... Sn = a(rn-1)
..... r=1 to 10 r-1

= 3x21 +3x22 +3x23 +3x24 +3x25 +3x26 +3x27 +3x28 +3x29 +3x210
=3(21 +22 +23 +24 +25 +26 +27 +28 +29 +210) Geometric series!!!
r=2
= 3 x 2 (210 -1)
2-1 a=2
S10 = 6138
Sum to infinity of a convergent
Geometric series
Convergent means that the series tends towards a specific value as more
terms are added. This value is called the limit.
Consider this series S= 3 + 1.5 + 0.75 + 0.375 + ... r= 1
1 n 2
3(1  ( ) ) a=3
2 1 n
s  6(1  ( ) )
1 2
1
2
Test for different values of n:
n  3, S 3  5.25 As n gets larger S
n  5, S5  5.8125 becomes closer to 6
n  10, S10  5.9994
n  20, S 20  5.999994
Sum to infinity of a convergent
Geometric series
This series S= 3 + 1.5 + 0.75 + 0.375 + ... Is a convergent series.

This happens because: -1< r >1


If this were not true it would not be convergent.

Sn = a(1-rn)
1-r
n
r 0
But if -1< r or r >1, as n 
S∞ = a(1-0)
1-r
S∞ = __a__
1-r
nth term = arn-1

Sn = a(1-rn)
1-r

S∞ = __a__
r 1
1-r

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