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Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of a course on chemical reaction engineering. The course aims to equip learners with skills for designing real reactors by accounting for non-ideal flow patterns and limitations. Key topics covered include non-ideal flow, heterogeneous processes, adsorption, properties of solid catalysts, and models for packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. The course objectives are to describe non-ideal flow, explain heterogeneous reactions and catalysis, determine properties of solid catalysts, and solve problems related to various reactor designs.

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Robinson A
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38 views

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of a course on chemical reaction engineering. The course aims to equip learners with skills for designing real reactors by accounting for non-ideal flow patterns and limitations. Key topics covered include non-ideal flow, heterogeneous processes, adsorption, properties of solid catalysts, and models for packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. The course objectives are to describe non-ideal flow, explain heterogeneous reactions and catalysis, determine properties of solid catalysts, and solve problems related to various reactor designs.

Uploaded by

Robinson A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCE 4204 : CHEMICAL

REACTION ENGINEERING II

About this course


Brief description

This is the advanced Reactor Design Course aiming at equipping the


Learners with Skills to determine the various Limitations to idealized
Reactor Design and to design real reactors

Objectives

At the end of this course unit, students should be able to:

 Describe non-Ideal Flow: Non ideal flow patterns, E,F &C Curve, Mean
residence time.

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 Explain heterogeneous processes: Global rates of reaction, Types of
Heterogeneous reactions Catalysis

 Identify physical adsorption and Chemisorption: Adsorption isotherms.

 Determine surface area, Void volume and solid density, Pore volume
distribution of solid state.

 Solve numerical Problems for Packed bed reactor and fluidized bed
reactor

 Analyze reactors: Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactor.

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Detailed course description

 Non Ideal Flow: Non ideal flow patterns, E,F &C Curve, Mean
residence time, Models for non ideal flow, N Tanks in series model,
conversion in a reactor using RTD data .
(10 hours)

 Heterogeneous Process: Global rates of reaction, Types of


Heterogeneous reactions Catalysis, The nature of catalytic reactions,
Mechanism of catalytic reactions.
(10 hours)

 Physical Adsorption and Chemisorption: Physical adsorption and


Chemisorption, Adsorption isotherms, Assumptions, Rates of
adsorption isotherm, problems.
(10 hours)

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 Solid Catalysts: Determination of surface area, Void volume and solid
density, Pore volume distribution , Theories of heterogeneous catalysis,
Classification of catalysts, catalyst preparation, Promoter and inhibitors,
Catalysts Deactivation Rate Equations for Fluid solid catalytic reactions:
Rates of Adsorption, Surface reaction, Desorption , Rate limiting step,
Power Law, Langmuir Hishelwood rate, Eley Rideal mechanism ,
(10 hours)

 Packed bed reactor and fluidized bed reactor: Numerical Problems Intra
Pellet Mass Transfer : Gaseous diffusion in single cylindrical pore,
Different modes of diffusion: Bulk diffusion, Knudsen diffusion and surface
diffusion, Diffusion in Liquids, Diffusion in Porous Catalyst, Concepts of
effective thermal conductivity and effective diffusivity, Effectiveness
factors (10 hours)
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 Reactors : Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactor, Single and multibed adiabatic
reactors, Multitubular fixed bed reactor
(10 hours)

 Introduction to Fluid Reactions: Kinetic Regimes for Mass Transfer


and Reaction, Film Conversion parameter, Clues to the kinetic
Regime from solubility data, Clues to the Kinetic Regime from
equipment, Applications to design
(10 hours)

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Lecture 1: Non ideal flow
Review of ideal flow

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So far we have treated two flow patterns,
plug flow and mixed flow (Ideal flow).

Ideal flow can give very different behavior

Real equipment always deviates from ideal


behavior.

The next chapters will focus on real flow


patterns
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Factors that make up the
flow pattern:
1. The residence time distribution (RTD) of
material which is flowing through the
vessel

2. The state of aggregation of the flowing


material, its tendency to clump and for a
group of molecules to move about together.

12 3. The earliness and lateness of mixing of


1. The Residence Time Distribution,
RTD
Deviation from the two ideal flow patterns can be
caused by:
o channeling of fluid,
o by recycling of fluid, or
o by creation of stagnant regions in the vessel.

Figure 11.1 shows this behavior.

In all types of process equipment, such as heat


exchangers, packed columns, and reactors, this type of
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flow should be avoided since it always lowers the
Figure 1. Nonideal flow patterns which may exist in process
equipment.
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If we have a complete velocity
distribution map for the fluid in the
vessel, then we should, in principle,
be able to predict the behavior of a
vessel as a reactor.

Unfortunately, this approach is


impractical, even in today's computer
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age.
2. State of Aggregation of the Flowing
Stream
Flowing material is in some particular
state of aggregation, depending on its
nature.

In the extremes these states can be called


microfluids and macrofluids, as sketched
in
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Fig. 2.
Gases and ordinary not Noncoalescing droplets
very viscous liquids Solid particles .Very
viscous liquids

Microfluid Macrofluid

Molecules are kept


Individual molecules are grouped together in
free to move about and aggregates or packets
intermix

Figure 2. Two extremes of aggregation of fluid.

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Single-Phase Systems.
These lie somewhere between the extremes of
macro and microfluids.
Two-Phase Systems.
A stream of solids always behaves as a
macrofluid, but for gas reacting with liquid,
either phase can be a macro- or microfluid
depending on the contacting scheme being used.

The sketches of Fig.3 show completely opposite


behavior.
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3. Earliness of Mixing
The fluid elements of a single flowing stream
can mix with each other either early or late in
their flow through the vessel (Figure 4).

Usually this factor has little effect on overall


behavior for a single flowing fluid.

However, for a system with two entering


reactant streams it can be very important (see
figure 5).
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Role of RTD, State of Aggregation, and
Earliness of Mixing in Determining Reactor
Behavior

In some situations one of these three factors


can be ignored; in others it can become
crucial.

Often, much depends on the time for reaction,


the time for mixing and the time for stay in
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the vessel
E, THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF
FLUID, THE RTD
It is evident that elements of fluid taking
different routes through the reactor may take
different lengths of time to pass through the
vessel.

The distribution of these times for the stream of


fluid leaving the vessel is called the exit age
distribution E, or the residence time distribution
RTD of fluid.
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We find it convenient to represent the RTD in
such a way that the area under the curve is
unity, or

This procedure is called normalizing the


distribution, and the above figure shows this.

We should note one restriction on the E curve-


that the fluid only enters and only leaves the
vessel one time.
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This means that there should be no flow or
diffusion or up flow eddies at the entrance or at
the vessel exit.

We call this the closed vessel boundary


condition.

Where elements of fluid can cross the vessel


boundary more than one time we call this the
open vessel boundary condition.

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With this representation the fraction of exit
stream of age* between t and t + dt is
the fraction younger than age is

whereas the fraction of material older than


shown as the shaded area in the previous figure
is

The E curve is the distribution needed to


account for nonideal flow.

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Next lecture

Relationship between the F and E


Curves

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