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Chap 2 Pt. 2 String Class

The document discusses building interactive Java programs that read user input from the console using the Scanner class. It provides three key points: 1. The Scanner class allows a program to read input from System.in, which represents keyboard input. A Scanner object is constructed passing System.in. 2. The Scanner class has methods like nextInt(), nextDouble(), next() and nextLine() to read different data types from the user. 3. An example program is provided that imports Scanner, constructs a Scanner passing System.in, prompts the user, and reads an integer using nextInt().

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51 views

Chap 2 Pt. 2 String Class

The document discusses building interactive Java programs that read user input from the console using the Scanner class. It provides three key points: 1. The Scanner class allows a program to read input from System.in, which represents keyboard input. A Scanner object is constructed passing System.in. 2. The Scanner class has methods like nextInt(), nextDouble(), next() and nextLine() to read different data types from the user. 3. An example program is provided that imports Scanner, constructs a Scanner passing System.in, prompts the user, and reads an integer using nextInt().

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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 24

Interactive Program

&
String Class
Scanner Object
Building interactive Java programs, that reads user input from the
console.
System’s Static Fields
• System.in is an InputStream which is typically connected
to keyboard input of console programs.
• System.out is a PrintStream which normally outputs the
data you write to it to the console.
• System.err is a PrintStream. It works like System.out
except it is normally only used to output error texts.

Remember: You have been using System.out since your first “Hello
World” program, now we see System.in is an InputStream.
Input and System.in
• interactive program: Reads input from the console.
• While the program runs, it asks the user to type input.
• The input typed by the user is stored in variables in the code.
• Can be tricky; users are unpredictable and misbehave.
• But interactive programs have more interesting behavior

• Scanner: An object that can read input from many sources.


• Communicates with System.in (the opposite of System.out)
Scanner Syntax
• The Scanner class is found in the java.util package.
import java.util.Scanner;

• Constructing a Scanner object to read console input:


Scanner <Object Name> = new Scanner(System.in);

• Example:
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
Scanner next Methods
Method Description
nextInt() reads an int from user
nextDouble() reads a double from the user
next() reads a one-word String from the user
nextLine() reads a one-line String from the user

• Each method waits until the user presses Enter.


• The value typed by the user is returned.
• Reference:-
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html
Scanner Example
import java.util.Scanner;

public class TestInput {

public static void main(String[] args) {


Scanner objScan = new Scanner(System.in);//Scanner object

System.out.println("Input Number >> ");//Promp user input


int num = objScan.nextInt();// num is taken value form user input
System.out.println("Your input is " + num); //Show in console
}
}
String Class
String manipulation
Java – String Class
• Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a
sequence of characters.
• In Java, strings are treated as objects – Java platform provides
the String class to create and manipulate strings.
• The String class belongs to the java.lang package, which does not
require an import statement.
• Like other classes, String has constructors and methods.
Immutability
• Once created, a string cannot be changed: none of its
methods changes the string.
• Such objects are called immutable.
• Immutable objects are convenient because several
references can point to the same object safely: there is no
danger of changing an object through one reference without
the others being aware of the change.
Advantages Of Immutability
• Uses less memory.
String word1 = "Java"; String word1 = “Java";
String word2 = word1; String word2 = new String(word1);

word1 word1 “Java"

“Java" word2 “Java"


word2
Less efficient:
OK wastes memory
No Argument Constructors
• No-argument constructor creates an empty String. Rarely
used.
String empty = new String();

• A more common approach is to reassign the variable to an


empty literal String. (Often done to reinitialize a variable used to store
input.)

String empty = “”; //nothing between quotes


Methods — length() & charAt()
int length();  Returns the number of characters in the string

char charAt(i);  Returns the char at position i.

Character positions in strings


are numbered starting from 0
– just like arrays.

Returns:
”Problem".length(); 7
”Window".charAt(2); ’n'
Methods — substring()
• Returns a new String by copying characters from an existing String.
String subs = word.substring (i, k); television
• returns the substring of chars in positions from
i k
i to k-1
String subs = word.substring (i); television
• returns the substring from the i-th char to the
end i
Returns:
"television".substring (2,5); “lev"
"immutable".substring (2); “mutable"
"bob".substring (9); "" (empty string)
Methods — Concatenation
String word1 = “re”, word2 = “think”; word3 = “ing”;
int num = 2;
• String result = word1 + word2;
//concatenates word1 and word2 “rethink“
• String result = word1.concat (word2);
//the same as word1 + word2 “rethink“
• result += word3;
//concatenates word3 to result “rethinking”
• result += num; //converts num to String
//and concatenates it to result “rethinking2”
Methods Find —indexOf()
0 2 89 16

String str =“BCS2143 OOP - JAVA";


Returns:
str.indexOf ('B'); 0
str.indexOf (‘S'); 2
str.indexOf (“OOP"); 8
(starts searching at
str.indexOf (‘A', 16); 17
position 16)

str.indexOf (“object"); -1 (not found)


str.lastIndexOf (‘0'); 9
Methods — Equality
boolean b = word1.equals(word2);
returns true if the string word1 is equal to word2
boolean b = word1.equalsIgnoreCase(word2);
returns true if the string word1 matches word2, case-blind

b = “Java”.equals(“Java”);//true
b = “Java”.equals(“Jawa”);//false
b = “Java”.equalsIgnoreCase(“java”);//true
Testing Strings for Equality
• Important note: The == operator cannot be used to test
String objects for equality.
• Variables of type String are references to objects (ie. memory
addresses)
• Comparing two String objects using == actually compares their
memory addresses. Two separate String objects may contain the
equivalent text, but reside at different memory locations.

• Use the equals() method to test for equality.


.equals() Method vs. == Operator
String str1 = “BCS2143“;
String str2 = “BCS2143“;
System.out.println(s1 == s2);
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));

Output:
false
true
Comparing Strings: “==“ vs. equals()
• Relational operators such as < and == fail on objects.
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is your favorite subject? ");
String name = console.next();
if (name == “Java") {
System.out.println(“Java love you, you love Java,");

• This code will compile, but it will not print the output.

• == compares objects by references, so it often gives false even when two


Strings have the same letters.
Comparing Strings: “==“ vs. equals()
• Objects are compared using a method named equals().
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("What is your favorite subject? ");
String name = console.next();
if (name.equals(“Java“)) {
System.out.println(“Java love you, you love Java,");

• This code will print the output.


Methods — replace()
String word2 = word1.replace(oldCh, newCh);
returns a new string formed from word1 by replacing all occurrences
of oldCh with newCh

String word1 = “java“;


String word2 = “java“.replace(‘v’, ‘w’);
//word2 is “jawa”, but word1 is still “java“
Methods — Changing Case
String word2 = word1.toUpperCase();
String word3 = word1.toLowerCase();
returns a new string formed from word1 by converting its characters
to upper (lower) case

String word1 = “HeLLo“;


String word2 = word1.toUpperCase();//”HELLO”
String word3 = word1.toLowerCase();//”hello”
//word1 is still “HeLLo“
Numbers to Strings
Three ways to convert a number into a string:
1. String s = "" + num;
s = “” + 123;//”123”
Integer and Double are
2. String s = Integer.toString (i); “wrapper” classes from
java.lang that represent
String s = Double.toString (d); numbers as objects.
s = Integer.toString(123);//”123” They also provide useful
static methods.
s = Double.toString(3.14); //”3.14”

3. String s = String.valueOf (num);


s = String.valueOf(123);//”123”

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