WELCOME TO GRADE 10

SCIENCE LESSON
 Module 3
Qualitative Characteristics of
 Predict the qualitativeImages
characteristics (orientation, type,
and magnification) of images formed by plane and curved
mirrors and lenses (S10FE-IIg-50);

apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the

characteristics and position of images formed by
mirrors and lenses.
When people look into a
mirror, they see an
image of themselves
behind the glass. The
image results from light
rays encountering the
shiny surface and
bouncing back a mirror
image.
 What is a mirror?
A mirror is an object that
reflects an image.

A mirror is a wave
reflector.

Reflection is the bouncing of

light rays when it hits a surface
like a mirror.
 Types of Mirrors

Plane Mirror / Flat Mirror

is a mirror with a flat
reflective surface.

Concave
Spherical Mirror
a mirror which has the shape of Convex
a piece cut out of a spherical
surface.

Two types of spherical mirrors:

concave and convex
 Reflection Vocabulary
Light Rays is an idealized model of light, which is drawn as a straight line.

Incident Ray (i) -the ray of light approaching a

surface of a mirror.
Reflected Ray (r) -the ray of light which
leaves the surface of a
mirror.

Normal Line (n) -an imaginary line that can

be drawn perpendicular to
the surface of a mirror at the
point of incidence where the
ray strikes in the mirror.
Reflection Vocabulary

Angle of Incidence vs Angle of Reflection

Incident Ray (i)

Reflected Ray (r) n
Normal Line (n) i r
Ɵi Ɵr

Angle of Incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the
normal line.

Angle of Reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the
normal line.
Reflection Vocabulary

Law of Reflection
“ The normal line, incident ray, and the reflected ray lie on the
same plane. “
What is the angle of
n reflection, if the angle of
i r incidence is 45?
Ɵi Ɵr
Answer: The angle of
reflection is also 45.

The Angle of Incidence is equal to the Angle of Reflection.

(Note: For smooth and even surfaces, just like mirrors)

 Types of Reflection

Specular/Regular Reflection
the reflection of light rays on smooth
surfaces.

Diffused/Irregular Reflection

the reflection of light rays on rough

surfaces.
 Specular vs Diffused

In specular reflection, the angle of incident ray is equal to the angle

of reflected ray.

In diffused reflection, the angle of incident ray is not equal to the

angle of reflected ray.
 Types of Images

Virtual Image
A virtual image occurs where rays only
appear to diverge.
A virtual image is right side up
(upright).

Real Image

A real image is formed when reflected

rays converge in front of the mirror.

A real image is inverted or upside

down.
Images formed by Plane Mirrors

Remember!

A plane mirror always forms an upright image which

means it’s a virtual image (behind the mirror).

A plane mirror produces image that has an apparent

left-right reversal.

The image and object are the same distance from

a plane mirror, the image size/height is the same
as the object size or the magnification is equal
to 1.
 Types of Spherical Mirrors

Concave Mirror
 It reflects light inward to one focal point. It is
used to focus light.
 Also known as converging mirror has a
reflecting surface that is recessed inward
(away from the incident light).
Convex Mirror
 Also known diverging mirror is a curved
mirror in which the reflective surface bulges
towards the light source.
 Convex mirrors reflect light outwards;
therefore they are not used to focus light.
 Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
In locating the image formed in curved mirror graphically, six important points are considered.

Center of Curvature, C – the center of the sphere whose surface forms the curved mirror
Focal Point, F – where the light rays meet
Vertex, V – the point where the principal axis meets the mirror
Principal Axis – the straight line passing through the center of curvature to the mirror
Focal Length, f – the distance from the focal point to the vertex
Radius of Curvature, R – the distance from the vertex to the center of the curvature

Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment adjoining the vertex and the
center of curvature, the focal length would be one-half the radius of curvature
Image Formed by Curved Mirrors
 Ray Method of Image Formation In Curved
Mirrors
Rules for Concave Mirrors

1. Parallel rays of light are reflected through the principal

focus F.
2. Rays of light passing through F are reflected parallel
( reverse of rule 1).
3. A ray of light passing through the center of curvature C will
strike the mirror at right angles and will be reflected back along
its own path.
4. The position of the top image is where the reflected rays meet.
 Ray Method of Image Formation In Curved Mirrors

Rules for Convex Mirrors

1. Parallel rays of light are reflected so that they appear to
come from F.
2. Rays of light moving toward C hit the mirror at right angle
and are reflected back along their own path.
3. The position of the top image is where the reflected rays meet.
 Four Principal Rays in Curved Mirrors

P-F Ray Where:

P – Parallel Ray
P-F Ray F – Focal Point / Focus
C – Center of Curvature
P-F Ray
V – Vertex
P-F Ray

At least two of these rays can be used to

describe the images formed by convex mirrors
or concave mirrors.
 Image Formation in a Concave Mirror
Case 1. Object is located beyond the center of curvature C

Description of the
Image:

Location – Between C and F

Orientation – Inverted
Sized – Smaller / Reduced
Type – Real Image
Case 2. Object is located at the center of curvature.

Description of the
Image:

Location – At C
Orientation – Inverted
Sized – Same
Type – Real Image
Case 3. Object is located between the center of curvature and the
principal focus.

Description of the
Image:

Location – Beyond C
Orientation – Inverted
Sized – Enlarged / Larger
Type – Real Image
Case 4. Object is at the principal focus.

Description of the
Image:

No Image Formed
Case 5. Object is between the principal focus and the mirror.

Description of the
Image:

Location – Behind the mirror

Orientation – Upright / Erect
Sized – Enlarged / Larger
Type – Virtual Image
 Image Formation in a Convex Mirror
Case 1. Object at any point in front of the mirror.

Description of the
Image:

Location – Behind the mirror

Orientation – Upright / Erect
Sized – Smaller / Reduced
Type – Virtual Image
Lenses
Lenses are curved pieces of glass or plastic that can bend light
rays. There are two kinds of lenses: the converging (convex) and
the diverging (concave) lenses.
 Difference Between Convex and Concave Lens
BASIS FOR COMPARISON CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS

Meaning Convex lens refers to the lens which Concave lens can be identified as the
merges the light rays at a particular lens which disperses the light rays
point, that travels through it. around, that hits the lenses.
Figure

Curve Outward Inward

Light Converges Diverges

Center and Edges Thicker at the center, as compared to Thinner at the center as compared to
its edges. its edges.
Focal Length Positive Negative

Image Real and Inverted image. Also Virtual, erect and diminished image.
produces virtual, erect and enlarged
image in a magnifying glass.
Objects Appear closer and larger Appear smaller and farther

Used to Correct hyperopia (Farsightedness) Correct myopia (Nearsightedness)