Transportation

Chapter 1
Introduction to Transportation
• Transportation is a system of moving goods and/or people from one
place to another.
History of Transportation
Ancient Times

In the ancient times, the main

mode of transportation of humans
is walking. The average human
walks at a speed of 1 – 1.4 m/s
depending on factors such as age
and fitness level.
History of Transportation
4000 BC to 3000 BC

they have learned to use animals

such as camels, donkeys and
horses for travelling or carrying
their packs.
History of Transportation
3100 BC

The Egyptians advanced the creation of boats by incorporating sails thus inventing the
first vehicle power by an energy source i.e. wind energy. Meanwhile across Europe, the
Romans built roads connecting different parts of its empire, catering to the needs of its
troops that were continuously expanding its territory.
History of Transportation
Renaissance Era

During the Renaissance Era, goods

have been transported through the
use of a pack horse, Which were in
turn transported around coasts
using ships. This era also started the
utilization of messengers which
became widely known as the “royal
mail” in Great Britain.
History of Transportation
1663

The first turnpike roads open. Turnpikes

are privately owned and maintained but
you have to pay to use them. Their
name comes from an old word for a
gate, pike. In towns the wealthy are
carried by sedan chairs.
History of Transportation
1783

The hot air balloon and the hydrogen

balloon are invented, introducing
alternative sources of energy used to
power transportation devices.
History of Transportation
Early 19th Century
The early 19th century introduced the use
of steam to power turbines thus paving the
way for the steam engine which has many
applications for both land and aquatic
transportation. The first passenger railway
was developed in 1825 which then ushers
the great age of railway construction.
History of Transportation
Late 19th Century

In the late 19th century, a smaller

version of the railway was invented,
it has a lesser capacity but with this
sacrifice in utility, a higher speed
output was obtained. This invention
is what we now call a “car”.
Different Modes of Transportation
Land Transportation. focuses on the transfer of goods and people from
one place to another by travelling through land.
a. Road/Highway
b. Railway
c. Pipeline
Different Modes of Transportation
Air Transportation
a. Airplanes (Horizontal Takeoff & Landing or HOTOL)
b. Helicopters, Balloons (Vertical Take-Off and Landing or VTOL)
c. Rockets (Space Transportation)
Different Modes of Transportation
Water / Aquatic Transportation
a. Ships and freights
b. Submarines
c. Pipeline

Multi-modal Transportation
The Characteristics of Road Transport
1. Roads are used by various types of road vehicles
2. Road transport requires a relatively small investment
3. Road transport completely offer a freedom to road users
4. In particular for short distance travel, road transport saves time
5. Speed of movement is directly related with severity
6. Road transport is the only means of transport offer itself to the
whole community.
Importance of Roads
1. Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and
passengers for short and medium distances.
2. It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
3. Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms,
fields, factories and markets and provides door to door service.
4. Roads can negotiate high gradients and sharp turns which railways
cannot do. As such, roads can be constructed in hilly areas also.
Importance of Roads
5. Roads act as great feeders to railways. Without good and sufficient
roads, railways cannot collect sufficient produce to make their
operation possible.
6. Road transport is more flexible than the railway transport. Buses
and trucks may be stopped anywhere and at any time on the road
for loading and unloading passengers and goods whereas trains
stop only at particular stations.
7. Perishable commodities like vegetables, fruits and milk are
transported more easily and quickly by roads than by railways.
Classification of Roads
I. NATIONAL ROADS

All roads now classified as Insular roads; main traffic routes connecting
provincial capitals with important commercial centers, national
airports, national seaports, and national parks and roads of military
importance, which may be so designated by the President, upon
favorable recommendation of the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications.
Classification of Roads
II. PROVINCIAL ROADS

All roads connecting one municipality with another municipality the

terminal to be the public plazas; all roads extending from a
municipality, or from a provincial or national road to a public wharf or
railway station and any other road which may be so designated by the
Secretary of Public Works and Communications upon the request of the
Provincial Board concerned and upon favorable recommendation of the
Director of Public Works.
Classification of Roads
III. MUNICIPAL AND CITY ROADS

All highways not included in the above classifications. This type of

classification was further developed into a number of methods. Here
are some of the classifications based on different criteria
a. Design type – based on major geometric features, helpful for
highway location and design procedure (e.g. expressways, conventional
streets, highways)
Classification of Roads
b. Route Numbering – can characterize traffic operations and purpose they
serve within the network.
c. Administrative classification – levels of government responsibility and
financing highway facilities (national or local government)
d. Functional classification – character of provided service of highway. Shown
below is the hierarchy of roads based on functionality.
Expressway
Arterial
Collector
Local Street
Advantages of Road Transport
1. Less Capital Outlay
2. Door to Door Service
3. Service in Rural Areas
4. Flexible Service
5. Suitable for Short Distance
6. Lesser Risk of Damage in Transit
7. Saving in Packing Cost
8. Rapid Speed
9. Less Cost
10. Private Owned Vehicles
11. Feeder to other Modes of Transport
Disadvantages of Road Transport
1. Seasonal Nature
2. Accidents and Breakdowns
3. Unsuitable for Long Distance and Bulky Traffic
4. Slow Speed
5. Lack of Organization
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- Traffic engineering is that branch of engineering which deals with the
improvement of traffic performance on road network and terminals
through systematic traffic studies, scientific analysis and engineering
applications.
- Traffic engineering includes planning and geometric design on one
hand and regulation and control on the other.
- Traffic Engineering therefore deals with the application of scientific
principles, tools, techniques and findings for safe, rapid, economical
and efficient movement of people and goods.
SCOPE OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
(a) Traffic characteristics
(b) Traffic studies and analysis
(c) Planning area analysis
(d) Geometric design
(e) Traffic operation, regulation and control
(f) Road safety aspects
(g) Administration and management