Cellular

Division
1
 Cell Division
All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)

2
 Anatomy of a Chromosome
p -arm
• Centromere - point
where sister
chromatids are joined
together
centromere
• P=short arm; upward
• Q=long arm;
q-arm downward
• Telomere-tips of
chromosome

chromatids telomere
 CELL CYCLE
-it is the
sequence of the
life cycle of the
cell.
- it is a
checkpoint of the
cells when to
begin and stop
dividing.
Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
 G1 - primary growth phase, RNA is
synthesize.
 S – synthesis; DNA replicated
 G2 - secondary growth phase. Proteins
needed for Mitosis are produced.
collectively these 3 stages are called
interphase
 M – mitosis/meiosis(actual cell division)
 G0 – this phase is where cells stop dividing.
Resting phase.

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Types of Cell division:
Mitosis and Meiosis

Higher Biology
 Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis: ( for repair and growth )
-division of somatic (body) cells
- a type of division that produces 2 identical
cells with the same number of chromosomes with
their parent cell.
• Meiosis: (for reproduction)
-division of gametes (sex cells)
- produces 4 (haploid) daughter cells, each
daughter cell has half the chromosomes of their
parent cell.
-involves 2 sets of division (I. Reduction phase;
II. Division phase).
 4 phases of Mitosis :
After interphase:
• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase
 Prophase
• Chromosome pair up!
1. Chromosomes thicken and shorten
-become visible
-2 chromatids joined by a centromere
2. Centrioles move to the opposite sides of
the nucleus
3. Nucleolus disappears
4. Nuclear membrane disintegrate
 Metaphase
• Chromosomes meet in the middle!
1. Chromosomes arrange at equator of
cell
2. Become attached to spindle fibres
by centromeres
3. Homologous chromosomes do not
associate
 Anaphase
• Chromosomes get pulled apart
1. Spindle fibres contract pulling
chromatids to the opposite poles of
the cell
 Telophase
• Now there are two!
1. Chromosomes uncoil
2. Spindle fibres disintegrate
3. Centrioles replicate
4. Nucleur membrane forms
5. Cell divides
 Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell

• Plant cells undergo cytokinesis

by forming a cell plate between
the two daughter nuclei.

• Animal cells undergo cytokinesis

through the formation of a
cleavage furrow. A ring of
microtubules contract, pinching
the cell in half.

Images: Telophase drawing, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body;

Ciliate dividing, TheAlphaWolf; Telophase Onion Cell Photo, Source Unknown From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
 Meiosis
• 4 daughter cells produced
• Each daughter cell has half the
chromosomes of the parent
• 2 sets of cell division involved
(Reduction and Division phase)
Genetics Terminology: Ploidy
Refers to the number of sets of
chromosomes in cells.
● Haploid – one copy of each chromosome
– designated as “n”, the number of
chromosomes in one “set”
– gametes

● Diploid – two sets of chromosomes (two of

each chromosome)
– designated as “2n”
– somatic cells
Diploid organisms receive one of each type of
chromosome from female parent (maternal chromosomes) and
one of each type of chromosome from male parent
(paternal chromosomes)

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com

 Haploid cells
• Haploid cells are called gametes
• Gametes are either sperm or eggs
• Organismdiploid gamete
– Human 46 23
– Pea 14 7
– Fruit fly 8 4
– Dog 78 39
 Karyotype
• Q: How many homologous
pairs are in each
karyotype?

• Q: How is the bottom

karyotype different from
the top two?

From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Karyotype, National Human Genome Research Institute
 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
haploid
Haploid
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 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.
Crossing over Spindle forms.
occurs. Nuclear envelope
fragments.
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Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes Join to form a

(each with sister chromatids) TETRAD
 

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
 Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
 Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
 Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
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Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over

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 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types
produced by independent assortment 28
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

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Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.

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Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.

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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (haploid)
doubled)

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 Meiosis II: Division Phase

Prophase Metaphase
II II Telophase
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

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Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

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 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.

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Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
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Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with

one copy of each
chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
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 A cell containing 20 chromosomes
(diploid) at the beginning of
meiosis would, at its completion,
produce cells containing how many
chromosomes?
chromosomes

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 10 chromosomes (haploid or
1n)

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 A cell containing 40 chromatids at
the beginning of meiosis would, at
its completion, produce cells
containing how many chromosomes?
chromosomes

41
 10 chromosomes

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