MECHANIC OF MACHINE

BMCM 2723
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UTeM
SEM 2- 2013/2014
INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives
LO1 Apply kinematics principle to solve flat and V-belt problems.
LO2 Apply the concept of gear transmission system in the real
world applications.
LO3 Solve related problems in balancing system of rotating
body using graphical method.
LO4 Use free body diagram to solve problems in flywheel and
governor.
LO5 Identify and analyze the effect of gyroscopic couple to
the real world applications.
LO6 Formulate and determine the natural frequency in f ree
vibration system using either Energy Conservation Method,
Equivalent Method or Newton’s Law Method
Machine:
Apparatus that transmits energy through its parts to
perform desired tasks

Mechanics:
Science that predict the conditions of a body either
at rest or in motion

Mechanics of Machines:
Determination of the forces and motions of machines
MACHINES
 CHAPTER 1
POWER TRANSMISSION
BELT DRIVE
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• IDENTIFY AND SOLVE PROBLEMS RELATED TO TYPES OF

POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

• APPLY KINEMATICS PRINCIPLE TO SOLVE FLAT AND V-BELT

PROBLEMS.

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 CONTENTS
• CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL FORCE
• CLASSIFICATION OF POWER DRIVE
• BELT DRIVE SYSTEM
• BELT DRIVE ARRANGMENT
• BELT TYPES
• VELOCITY RATIO
• EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY RATIO
• ANGLE OF CONTACT
• LENGTH OF BELT
• TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE
• BELT SYSTEM POWER TRANSMISSION
• EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION
• BELT CREEP
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 CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL FORCE

According to Newton’s Third Law,

all forces have reactions of the
same magnitude but act in the
opposite direction. Since a rotating
body experiences centripetal force,
its reaction acts in the opposite
direction. This reaction is known as
centrifugal force and its direction is
outwards from the axis of rotation.

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CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL FORCE

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 CENTRIFUGAL & CENTRIPETAL FORCE
• Centripetal force is force that acts by pulling a rotating
mass towards the axis of rotation. Consider a mass m
moving around a circle of radius r at angular velocity . Its
normal acceleration directed towards the center of the circle
is:
an   2 r
• Therefore, the centripetal force that acts on the body is:
Fn  man  m 2 r
• The magnitude of centripetal and centrifugal force is same
but opposite direction.

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CLASSIFICATION OF POWER DRIVE

POWER DRIVE

FLEXIBLE DRIVE DIRECT DRIVE

BELT DRIVE
GEAR DRIVE
CHAIN DRIVE
CAM DRIVE
ROPE DRIVE

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 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

• Consists of two or more pulleys (sheaves) connected with

belts
• The pulleys are mounted on shafts that are supported by
bearings
• Purpose: to transmit power and motion between shafts

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 BELT DRIVE SYSTEM
Advantages:
• Up to 95% efficient
• Designed to slip when an overload occurs
• Resist abrasion
• Require no lubrication (no metal to metal contact)
• Smooth running
• Quiet
• Can transmit motion and power over long distances
• Operate effectively at high speeds
• Flexible shaft center distances
• Inexpensive (when compared to other drive systems such as chain or gear
drives)
• Easy to assemble and install
• Have flexible tolerances
• Absorb shock well
• Easy and inexpensive to maintain

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 BELT DRIVE ARRANGEMENT
• Machines operated by belt drives must have an idler, an
adjustable base, or both
• Idler is use to help maintain constant tension on the belt

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 BELT TYPES
• Flat Belt
• V Belt
• Synchronous Belt
(timing belt)

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 BELT TYPES

Uses/advantages of flat belt:

• where high-speed applications (up to 140,000 rpm) are
more important than power transmission
• long center distances are necessary
• where drives with non-parallel shafts are required (belt can
be twisted)
• applications requiring small pulley diameters (as small as
3/8")

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 BELT TYPES

Disadvantages of flat belt:

• tend to slip under load
• lower efficiency at moderate speeds
• must be kept under tension to function (require tensioning
devices); causes high bearing loads
• require friction for proper functioning
• stretch over time

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 BELT TYPES

Uses/advantages of V-belt:
• useful in automotive, household, industrial, and agricultural
applications
• easy to install and replace
• low maintenance
• provide shock absorption between driver and driven shafts
• useful with temperature range of 1oC to 82oC
• are 90-98% efficient
• maximum satisfactory speed ratio is approximately 6:1

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 BELT TYPES

Disadvantages of V-belt:
• improper belt tension can reduce service life
• belt life at increased temperatures (above 82oC) is
significantly shorted
• require friction for proper functioning

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 BELT TYPES

Uses/advantages of synchronous belt (timing belt):

• useful in operations requiring high efficiency, timing or
constant velocity
• no slippage
• will not stretch
• required belt tension is very low
• speed is transmitted uniformly

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 BELT TYPES

Disadvantages of synchronous belt (timing belt):

• shorter center distance required than flat belts
• used on parallel shafts only
• cost

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 VELOCITY RATIO

driven velocity
n
driver velocity
• By assuming that there is no slipping and that the belt is
inelastic, we can write v1 = v2 which brings us to the
relations:
N 2 d1
n  ; N [rpm]
N1 d 2
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 VELOCITY RATIO

• If the thickness of the belt, t, is countered in the

calculation, we add this value to the diameter, so we have:

N 2 d1  t
n 
N1 d 2  t

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 EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY RATIO

• Although belt-drive depends on friction for power

transmission, there are factors that contribute to the
inefficiency of the drive. This inefficiency is known as belt
slip where frictional force is not strong enough to hold the
belt in its place, causing the sheaves to rotate without
affecting the belt.

• When there is insufficient friction between a belt and the

pulley, the belt cannot take up more loads; it results in the
belt slipping over the pulley, the phenomenon is called belt
slip. Belt slip results in loss of motion and power.

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 EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY RATIO
• Normally belt slip is expressed as a percentage and denoted
by G :
• G1 = Percentage of slip between belt and driver sheave
• G2 = Percentage of slip between belt and driven sheave
• G = Total percentage slip = G1 + G2
N 2 d1  G 
n  1 - 
N1 d 2  100 

N 2the thickness
• Again, by considering d1  t  of G
the belt, t, then the
velocity ratio: n   1 - 
N1 d2  t  100 
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EXAMPLE 1.1

EXAMPLE 1.2

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EXAMPLE 1.1

 A horizontal shaft running at 300 rpm is to drive a

parallel shaft at 400 rpm. The diameter of the pulley on
the driving shaft is 60 cm. If the belt is 8 mm thick, find
the diameter of the driven pulley if
(a)neglecting belt thickness.
(b) taking belt thickness into account.
(c)assuming in the latter case a slip of 5 % (belt
thickness is neglected)
(d) assuming in the latter case a slip of 5 % (belt
thickness is considered)
EXAMPLE 1.2

An induction motor shaft, running at 1200rpm

drives a workshop main shaft by a flat belt drive.
The diameter of the pulley on the motor shaft is
40cm and that on the main shaft is 70cm. If there
is 3% slip on each pulley, determine the speeds
of the main shaft. [Answer:N2 = 644.57rpm ]
 ANGLE OF CONTACT

OPEN BELT DRIVE

r1  r2
 open  ;  [radian]
X

Angle of contact,  open    2 ;  [radian]

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 ANGLE OF CONTACT

CROSS BELT DRIVE

r1  r2
 cross  ;  [radian]
X

Angle of contact,  cross    2 ;  [radian]

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EXAMPLE 1.3

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EXAMPLE 1.3
  For a belt-drive system, the diameter of the
bigger sheave is 7cm and the diameter of the
smaller sheave is 3cm. Given the center
distance between sheaves is 8cm. Find the
angle of contact if the system is
a) open belt drive
b) cross belt drive
 LENGTH OF BELT

OPEN BELT DRIVE

Lopen   r1  r2   2 X 
r1  r2 
2

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 LENGTH OF BELT

CROSS BELT DRIVE

Lcross   r1  r2   2 X 
r1  r2 
2

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EXAMPLE 1.4

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EXAMPLE 1.4
 
Two parallel shafts are connected by cross
belt, running over pulleys 30cm and 50cm
diameters respectively. The centre distance
between the shafts is 5m. It is desired to alter
the direction of rotation of the driven shaft
without altering that of the driving shaft. State
if the same belt can be used. If not, what is
the remedy?
 TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE
T1 = Tension on the
tight side of the belt

T2 = Tension on the
slack side of the
belt

θ = Angle of contacts

 = Coefficient of
friction between
FLAT BELT DRIVE pulley and belt

T1
 e  ; T [ N ],  [radian]
T2
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 TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE

V-BELT DRIVE
  
T1 
 sin 

 cos ec 
e 
e ; T [ N ],  [radian],  [degree]
T2
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BELT SYSTEM POWER TRANSMISSION

Driver tor que,  1  T1  T2 r1 ;  [ Nm]

Driven torque,  2  T1  T2 r2 ;  [ Nm]
Power, P  T1  T2 v; P[Watt]

 1 
PFlat belt drive  T1 1   v
 e 
 
 1 
PV -belt drive  T1 1   v
 sin  
 e 
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 EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

Since the belt has mass and as the belt rotates, there
is a tendency for the belt to be ‘thrown out’ of the
belt causing the tension in the belt to increase and
the centrifugal force, Fc will be exist.
Tc  mv 2 ; Tc [ N ] m = mass of belt per
unit length
Tc = centrifugal tension
FC T1  Tc
FOR FLAT BELT  e 
T2  Tc
  
T1  Tc 
 sin 

FOR V-BELT e 
T2  Tc
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 EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

As a conclusion, when the mass of the belt is considered, the

centrifugal force would be exist and the effective driving
tensions:
T1  Tc & T2  Tc

And the power transmitted by a belt drive:

 1 
PFlat belt drive  T1  Tc 1   v
 e 
 
 1 
PV -belt drive  T1  Tc 1   v
 
 e sin  
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 EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION
For the maximum power transmitted by a belt drive,
centrifugal tension is:  
 2  1  T1 
Pmax (V -belt drive)   T1 1    3m 
1
Tc  T1
3
 3   
 e sin  

As we know that Tc  mv 2, so: mv 2  1 T1

3

And:
 2  1  T1 
Pmax (Flat belt drive)   T1 1   
 3  e  3m 
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 BELT CREEP
 Belt creep happens due to the elasticity of belt. It can be defined as a
situation in which a portion of the belt elongated while the other
does not.

 Due to elastic condition , v1 ≠ v2

v2 T T 
 1  1 2 
v1  A E 
A  cross section area of belt drive [m 2 ]
E  modulus of elasticity of belt drive[ N m 2 ]
v  velocity of pulley [ms 1 ]

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EXAMPLE 1.5

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 EXAMPLE 1.5
An open flat belt drive connects two
pulleys with the diameter of the driver is
0.5m and the driven is 1.2m are on parallel
shafts 3.6m apart as shown in Figure 1.1.
The belt has a mass, m = 0.9kg/m, cross
section area, A = 320mm2 and modulus of
elasticity, E = 300MN/m2. The maximum
tension is not to exceed 2kN. The driver
pulley runs at 200rpm. If given the
coefficient of friction,  = 0.3, determine

a) the angle of contact. e) the power transmitted if the belt is

b) the velocity of drive pulley. elastic and the effect of centrifugal
c) the power transmitted if the belt is force is considered.
inelastic and the mass of the belt is f) the torque required on each pulley
neglected. and the effect of centrifugal force is
d) the power transmitted if the belt is considered.
inelastic and the effect of centrifugal
force is considered.
 EXAMPLE 1.6
An open V belt drive connects two pulleys
with the diameter of the driver is 0.5m and
the driven is 1.2m are on parallel shafts
3.6m apart as shown in Figure 1.2. The
belt has a mass, m = 0.9kg/m, cross section
area, A = 320mm2 and modulus of
elasticity, E = 300MN/m2. The angle of the
groove is 60o. The maximum tension is not
to exceed 2kN. The driver pulley runs at
200rpm. If given the coefficient of friction, Figure 1.2
 = 0.3, determine

a) the angle of contact. e) the power transmitted if the belt is

b) the velocity of drive pulley. elastic and the effect of centrifugal
c) the power transmitted if the belt is force is considered.
inelastic and the mass of the belt is f) the torque required on each pulley
neglected. and the effect of centrifugal force is
d) the power transmitted if the belt is considered.
inelastic and the effect of centrifugal
force is considered.
THANK YOU

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