Module-2 Chapter-2

Decision making
and Branching
 Introduction
Conditional Statements
1. Simple if statement
2. if-else statement
3. Nested if-else statement
4. else-if ladder
5. switch statement
 These statements control the flow of
execution known as control statement.
• Example
    int mark = 10;
    if (mark < 35)
  {
        printf("Fail");
  }
• Example:
    int mark=40;
    if (mark > 35)
  {
          printf(“Pass");
  }
    else
  {
          printf(“Fail");
  }
Nested of if………else statements
• Example for if else condition
• #include <stdio.h>
• int main()
• {
•     int A, B, C;
•  
•     printf("Enter three numbers: ");
•     scanf("%d %d %d", &A, &B, &C);
•  
•     if (A >= B) {
•         if (A >= C)
•             printf("%d is the largest number.", A);
•         else
•             printf("%d is the largest number.", C);
•     }
•     else {
•         if (B >= C)
•             printf("%d is the largest number.", B);
•         else
•             printf("%d is the largest number.", C);
•     }
•  
•     return 0;
• }
• Example
int temp; =====
temp=38;
if(temp>20)
{
   if(temp>40)
   printf("Very Hot....\n");
   else
   printf("Hot...\n");
}
else
{
printf("Cool....");
}
The else if ladder
• Example
    float per=45;
    if (per >= 66)
  {
          printf("Distinction\n");
  }
    else if (per <66 && per >=56)
  {
          printf("First Class\n");
  }
      else if (per <56 && per >= 44)
  {
       printf("Second Class\n");
    }     
    else if (per <44 && per >= 35)
  {
       printf("Pass Class\n");
    }     
    else
  {
            printf("Sorry Fail");
  }
 The switch Statement
• To select one of the many alternatives we use “if”
to control the selection
• Complexities increases when many alternatives
• To deal with this C has built-in multiway decision
statement called switch
• Tests the value of given variable against a list of
case values
• When match found block associated with that
case is executed.
• Example for switch statement
• #include <stdio.h>
• int main()
• {   char Operator; 
•  float num1, num2, result = 0; 
•  printf(" Enter any one operator like +, -, *, / : "); 
•  scanf("%c", &Operator);   
• printf("Enter the values of Operands num1 and num2
: ");
•    scanf("%f%f", &num1, &num2); 
•  switch(Operator)
• {      case '+': result = num1 + num2;         break; 
•     case '-': result = num1 - num2;         break;   
•   case '*': result = num1 * num2;         break;     
• case '/': result = num1 / num2;         break;     
• default: printf("
Invalid Operator ");   }
•    printf("The value = %f", result);
•    return 0;
• }
• Where expression is an integer expression or
characters
• Value1…..n are constants or constant expression
known as case labels and each value should be unique
• Block1….n are statements lists
• No need of braces
• Case label end with colon(:)
• Break signals the end of a particular case and causes
exit from switch and transferring control to statement-
x
• Default is optional –executed if value does not match
with any of case
Example -1
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
scanf(“%d”,&num)
switch (num)
{
case 1: printf(“Entered Value is 1");
break;
case 2: printf(“Entered Value is 2");
break;
case 3: printf(“Entered Value is 3");
break;
default: printf("Out of range");
break;
}
return 0;
}
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 The goto statement
• C supports to branch unconditionally from one
point to another
• Requires a label to identify the place where
the branch is to be made
• Label is variable name and must be followed
by colon
• Placed immediately before statement where
control is to be transferred
 Forward jump
• int main()
{
printf(“hello”);
goto label;
printf(“hi”);
label:
printf(“how are you?”);
}
 Backward jump
int main()
{
int num,answer;
label:
printf(“etr a number”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if (num>0)
answer=sqrt(num);
printf(“squreroot of %d is %d\n”,num,answer);
goto label;
return 0;
}
 Decision making and looping
• To execute a segment of a program repeatedly introduced counter
and tested using if
• When we know exact number of repetitions more convenient
method is looping.
• Enable us to concise programs containing repetitive processes
• Sequence of statements are executed until some conditions for
termination of the loop satisfied
• Program loop consists of two segments
-body of the loop
-control statement
• Control statement tests certain conditions then directs the repeated
execution of the statements contained in the body of the loop
• Depending on the position of the control statements in loop,a
control structure can be classified as either entry and exit
controlled loop.

They are also known as pre-test and post-test loops

Example for while condition
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n, numbers, i=0,Sum=0;
float Average;
printf("\nPlease Enter How many Number you want?\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nPlease Enter the elements one by one\n"); while(i<n)
{
scanf("%d",&numbers);
Sum = Sum +numbers;
i++;
}
Average = Sum/n;
printf("\nSum of the %d Numbers = %d",n, Sum);
printf("\nAverage of the %d Numbers = %.2f",n, Average);
Return o;
}
• Test conditions are carefully tested otherwise control sets
up an infinite loop and body is executed over and over again
• A looping process include 4 steps
1. Setting and initialization of a condition
2. Execution of the statements in the loop
3. Test for a specified value of the condition variable for
execution of the loop
4. Incrementing or updating the condition variable
• For performing loop operations C provides 3 constructs
1. The while statement
2. The do statement
3. The for statement