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Database System Concepts and Architecture

The document discusses the ANSI-SPARC three-level database architecture. It describes the three levels - external, conceptual, and internal - and how they are related yet independent. The external level defines user views, the conceptual level defines the overall data model, and the internal level defines the physical storage. Mappings allow translation between levels while preserving independence. This architecture enables logical and physical data independence.

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Fahad
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64 views

Database System Concepts and Architecture

The document discusses the ANSI-SPARC three-level database architecture. It describes the three levels - external, conceptual, and internal - and how they are related yet independent. The external level defines user views, the conceptual level defines the overall data model, and the internal level defines the physical storage. Mappings allow translation between levels while preserving independence. This architecture enables logical and physical data independence.

Uploaded by

Fahad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management

System

Instructor:
Tayyba Sana
Lecture Topic:

Database System Concepts and


Architecture(Cont..)
Outline

• Three-Schema Architecture
• Data Independence
• Logical Independence
• Physical Independence
• Summary
First Name: Rana Name: R. Aslam
Last Name: Aslam Saleema Age: 24y,10d
Date of Birth: Dept: Sales
12 Sep, 1970
Saleem

Name DoB Deps DepId

Rana Aslam 12/09/70 5 D001

Marya Wasti 29/02/80 0 D005

BH RH Rana Aslam 120970 5 D001 RH Marya Wasti…

01110011010011100101001010100101010010101…..
Objectives of Three-Level Architecture

• All users should be able to access same data but have a different
customized view
• A user’s view is immune to changes made in other views
• Users should not need to know physical database storage details
Objectives of Three-Level Architecture..

• DBA should be able to change database storage structures


without affecting the users’ views
• Internal structure of database should be unaffected by changes to
physical aspects of storage
• DBA should be able to change conceptual structure of database
without affecting all users
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture..

• External Level
• Users’ view of the database
• Describes that part of database that is relevant to a
particular user
• Different views may have different representation
of same data (e.g. different date formats, age
derived from DOB etc.)
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture..

• Conceptual Level
• Community view of the database
• Describes what data is stored in database and
relationships among the data
• Along with any constraints on data
• Independent of any storage considerations
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture..

• Internal Level
• Physical representation of the database on the
computer
• Describes how the data is stored in the database
• physical implementation of the database to achieve
optimal runtime performance and storage space
utilization
• Data structures and file organizations used to store
data on storage devices
• Interfaces with the operating system access methods
to place the data on the storage devices, build the
indexes, retrieve the data, and so on
Differences between Three Levels of ANSI-SPARC
Architecture
Schemas

• External Schemas
• Also called subschemas
• Multiple schemas per database
• Corresponds to different views of data
• Conceptual Schema
• Describes all the entities, attributes, and
relationships together with integrity constraints
• Only one schema per database
Schemas..

• Internal Schema
• A complete description of the internal model,
containing the definitions of stored records, the
methods of representation, the data fields, and the
indexes and storage structures used
• Only one schema per database
Mappings

• The DBMS is responsible for mapping between these three types


of schema:
• The DBMS must check that each external schema
is derivable from the conceptual schema, and it
must use the information in the conceptual schema
to map between each external schema and the
internal schema
• Types of mappings
• Conceptual/Internal mapping
• External/Conceptual mapping
Conceptual/Internal Mapping

• Enables the DBMS to


• Find the actual record or combination of records
in physical storage that constitute a logical record
in the conceptual schema,
• Together with any constraints to be enforced on
the operations for that logical record
• It also allows any differences in entity names,
attribute names, attribute order, data types, and so
on, to be resolved
External/Conceptual Mapping

• Enables the DBMS to


• Map names in the user’s view on to the relevant
part of the conceptual schema
Instances

• Database Schema
• Description of database (also called intension)
• Specified during design phase
• Remain almost static
• Database Instance
• Data in the database at any particular point in
time
• Dynamic (changes with the time)
• Also called an extension (or state) of database
Data Independence

• Logical Data Independence


• Refers to immunity of external schemas to changes
in conceptual schema
• Conceptual schema changes (e.g. addition/removal
of entities)
• Should not require changes to external schema or
rewrites of application programs
Data Independence

• Physical Data Independence


• Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to
changes in the internal schema
• Internal schema changes (e.g. using different file
organizations, storage structures, storage devices
etc.)
• Should not require change to conceptual or
external schemas
Data Independence and the ANSI-SPARC
Three-Level Architecture
Summary

• Components of the DBMS environment


• Roles in the DB environment
• History of DBMS
• Advantages/Disadvantages of DBMSs
• three-level architecture
• Schemas, mappings, and instances
• Data independence

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