Learning Objectives

1. Understand the difference between system software and application

software.
2. Explain the different functions of an operating system and discuss
some ways that operating systems can enhance processing efficiency.
3. List several ways in which operating systems differ from one another.
4. Name today’s most widely used operating systems for personal
computers and servers.

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Learning Objectives

5. State several devices other than personal computers and servers that
require an operating system and list one possible operating system for
each type of device.
6. Discuss the role of utility programs and outline several tasks these
programs perform.
7. Describe what the operating systems of the future might be like.

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Overview

• This chapter covers:

• Differences between system software and application software
• Functions of and differences among operating systems
• Various types of operating systems
• Functions of and various types of utility programs
• A look at the possible future of operating systems

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System Software and Application Software

• System software: The operating system and utility programs that control
a computer system and allow you to use your computer
• Enables the boot process, launches applications, transfers files, controls
hardware configuration, manages hard drive, and protects from unauthorized
use
• Application software: Programs that allow a user to perform specific
tasks on a computer
• Word processing, playing a game, preparing taxes, browsing the Web, and so
forth

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The Operating System

• Operating system: A collection of programs that manage and coordinate

the activities taking place within a computer system
• Acts as an
intermediary
between the
user and the
computer

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Functions of an Operating System

• Interfacing with users (typically via a GUI)

• Booting the computer
• Kernel is loaded into memory
• Processes are started
• msconfig used to control startup of processes
• Configuring devices
• Device drivers are often needed; can be reinstalled if needed
• Plug and Play devices are recognized
automatically

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Functions of an Operating System

• Managing resources and jobs

• Makes resources available to devices
• Monitors for problems
• Scheduling routines
• File management
• Keeps track of files stored
on computer
• Hierarchical format
• Security
• Passwords
• Biometric characteristics
• Firewalls

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File Management

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency
• Multitasking: The ability of an operating system to have more than
one program (task) open at one time
• CPU rotates between tasks
• Switching is done quickly
• Appears as though all programs executing at the same time
• Multithreading: The ability to rotate between multiple threads so
that processing is completed faster and more efficiently
• Thread: Sequence of instructions within a program that is independent of other threads

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency

• Multiprocessing and parallel processing: Multiple processors (or multiple

cores) are used in one computer system to perform work more
efficiently
• Simultaneous processing: Performs tasks at the same time
• Multiprocessing: Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job
• Used with personal computers with multi-core processors
• Parallel processing: CPUs or cores typically works together to complete one job
more quickly
• Used with servers and mainframes

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Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency

• Memory management: Optimizing the use of main memory (RAM)

• Virtual memory: Memory-management technique that uses hard drive space as
additional RAM

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency

• Buffering and spooling: Used with printers and other peripheral devices
• Buffer: area in RAM or on the hard drive designated to hold input and output on their way in
or out of the system
• Spooling: placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the appropriate device when
needed

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Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following processing techniques allows a computer to
work with more than one program at a time?
a. Parallel processing
b. Virtual memory
c. Multitasking
2. True or False: Most operating systems today use a command line
interface.
3. _____________ is the task included with operating systems that
allows to you keep track of the files stored on a PC.
Answers:
1) c; 2) False; 3) File management

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Differences Among Operating Systems

• Command line vs. graphical user

interface (GUI)
• Most operating systems use
GUI today

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Differences Among Operating Systems

• Personal vs. server operating system

• Personal operating system: designed to be installed on a single computer
• Server operating system: designed to be installed on a network server
• Client computers still use a personal operating system
• Server operating system controls access to network resources
• Many operating systems come in both versions
• Mobile and embedded operating systems also exist

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Server Operating Systems

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Differences Among Operating Systems

• Types of processors supported

• Desktop, mobile, server, etc.
• Number of processors
• 32-bit or 64-bit CPUs
• Support for other technologies
• New types of buses
• Virtualization
• Power-saving features
• Touch and gesture input

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 Operating Systems for
Personal Computers and Servers
• DOS: Disk Operating System
• PC-DOS: Created originally for IBM microcomputers
• MS-DOS: used with IBM-compatible computers
• DOS traditionally used a command-line interface
• Can enter DOS commands in Windows

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 Windows

• Windows: The predominate personal operating system developed by

Microsoft Corporation
• Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.x: Operating environments for DOS
• Windows 95 and Windows 98: Used a similar GUI to the one used with
Windows 3.x
• Windows NT (New Technology): first 32-bit version of Windows designed for
high-end workstations and servers
• Windows Me (Millennium Edition): designed for home computers, improved
home networking and a shared Internet connection

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 Windows

• Windows 2000: replaced Windows NT; was geared towards high-end

business workstations and servers, support for wireless devices
• Windows XP: Replaced both Windows 2000 and Windows Me
• Improved photo, video, and music editing and sharing
• Improved networking capabilities
• Support for handwriting and voice input
• Large user base, MS will support until 2014

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 Windows

• Windows Vista: Replaced Windows XP

• Features the Aero visual interface
• Transparency and animations
• Live Thumbnails
• Additional features
• Sidebar, Instant Search, etc.
• The Vista Start menu is more streamlined
• Improved networking and multimedia
• Built-in security features
• Hardware requirements for Vista have increased over earlier versions of Windows

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Windows Vista

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Windows

• Windows 7: Newest version of Windows released Oct. 2009

• 32-bit and 64-bit versions in four editions
• Home Premium (primary version for home users)
• Professional (primary version for businesses)
• Starts up and responds faster than Vista
• Will run well on netbooks, unlike Vista
• Device Stage for all connected devices
• Improved home networking (HomeGroup, etc.)
• Jump lists, gadgets, etc.

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Windows 7

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 Windows

• Windows Server: Server version of Windows

• Windows Server 2008: Most recent version
• Includes a variety of services
• Web platform
• Support for virtualization
• New security tools
• Streamlined management tools
• Windows Home Server: New operating system based on Windows Server
• Provides services for a home network
• Can back up all devices on the network automatically

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 Mac OS

• Mac OS: Proprietary operating system for computers made by Apple

Corporation
• Based on the UNIX operating system; originally set the standard for graphical
user interfaces
• Mac OS X Snow Leopard: Most recent personal version
• Includes:
• Safari Web browser
• New features like Time Machine, Stacks, Quick Look, Boot Camp, etc.
• More responsive than previous versions

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Mac OS

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 UNIX

• UNIX: Operating system developed in the late 1960s for midrange

servers
• Multiuser, multitasking operating system
• More expensive, requires a higher level of technical knowledge; tends to be
harder to install, maintain, and upgrade
• “UNIX” initially referred to the original UNIX operating system, now refers to
a group of similar operating systems based on UNIX
• Single UNIX Specification: A standardized UNIX environment

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 Linux

• Linux: Version (flavor) of UNIX available without charge over the

Internet
• Increasingly being used with personal computers, servers, mainframes, and
supercomputers
• Is open-source software: has been collaboratively modified by volunteer
programmers all over the world
• Originally used a command line interface, most recent versions use a GUI
• Strong support from mainstream companies, such as Sun, IBM, HP, and
Novell
• Much less expensive than Windows or Mac OS

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Linux

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Operating Systems for
Mobile Phones and Other Devices
• Windows Mobile: Designed for mobile phones
• Look and feel of desktop versions
• Current version 6.1, next version to be called Microsoft Phone.
• Windows Embedded: Designed for consumer and industrial devices
that are not perosonal computers
• Cash register, GPS devices, ATMs, medical devices and robots.
• Windows Automotive and Microsoft Auto for cars
• Ford Sync
• Android: Linux based OS developed by Open Handset Alliance
(including Google)

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Online Video

“A Tour of the T-Mobile G1 Android Mobile Phone”

(click below to start video)

Courtesy of Google Inc.

Reminder: The complete set of online videos and video podcasts are available at:
www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13
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Operating Systems for
Mobile Phones and Other Devices

• iPhone OS: Designed for Apple Mobile phones and mobile devices.
• BlackBerry Operating System: Designed for BlackBerry devices
• Palm OS and Palm webOS: Designed for Palm devices
• Symbian OS: Designed for use with smart phones
• Embedded Linux: Used with mobile phones, GPS devices, and other
mobile devices

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Operating Systems for
Mobile Phones and Other Devices

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 Operating Systems for
Larger Computers
• Larger computers sometimes use operating systems designed solely for
that type of system
• IBM’s z/OS and i/5OS operating systems are designed for their servers
and mainframes
• Windows, UNIX, and Linux are also used with both mainframes and
supercomputers
• Often a group of Linux computers are linked together to form what is
referred to as a Linux supercomputing cluster

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Utility Programs

• Utility program: Software that performs a specific task, usually related to

managing or maintaining the computer system
• Many utilities are built into operating systems (for finding files, viewing
images, backing up files, etc.)
• Utilities are also available as stand-alone products and as suites

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File Management Programs

• File management programs: Enable the user to perform file

management tasks, such as:
• Looking at the contents of a storage medium
• Copying, moving, and renaming files and folders
• Deleting files and folders
• File management program in Windows is Windows Explorer

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Using Windows Explorer

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Using Windows Explorer

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Utility Programs

• Search tools: Designed to search for files on the user’s hard drive
• Windows includes search tools
• Diagnostic programs: Evaluate your system and make recommendations
for fixing any errors found
• Disk management programs: Diagnose and repair problems related to
your hard drive
• Uninstall utilities: Remove programs from your hard drive without
leaving bits and pieces behind
• Important to properly uninstall programs, not just delete them

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Utility Programs

• Clean up utilities: Delete temporary files

• File compression programs: Reduce the size of files so they take up less
storage space on a storage medium or can be transmitted faster over the
Internet
• Both zip and unzip files
• WinZip (Windows users) and Stuffit (Mac users)

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Utility Programs

• Backup and recovery utilities: Make the backup and restoration

process easier
• Backup: Duplicate copy of data or other computer content
• Good backup procedures are critical for businesses
• Individuals should back up important documents,
e-mail, photos, home video, etc.
• Store backup data on a CD or DVD, second hard drive, flash memory drive, or
upload to the Internet
• Back up your entire computer once all programs have been installed, so your
system can be restored to that configuration.

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Backup Programs

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Utility Programs

• Security programs: Protect computers and users

• Antivirus programs
• Antispyware programs
• Firewalls
• Many are included in Windows and other operating systems
• Discussed in detail in Chapter 9

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The Future of Operating Systems

• Will continue to become more user-friendly

• Will eventually be driven primarily by a voice interface
• Likely to continue to become more stable and self-healing
• Will likely continue to include improved security features and to support
multiple processors and other technological improvements
• May be used primarily to access software available through the Internet
or other networks

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Quick Quiz

1. Which of the following is the type of utility program used to make a file
smaller for transfer over the Internet?
a. Uninstall program
b. Antivirus program
c. File compression program
2. True or False: A file management program can be used to see the files
located on a storage medium.
3. A(n) ______________________ is a duplicate copy of one or more files
that can be used if there is a problem with the original files.
Answers:
1) c; 2) True; 3) backup

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Summary

• System Software vs. Application Software

• The Operating System
• Operating Systems for Personal Computers and Servers
• Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Other Devices
• Operating Systems for Larger Computers
• Utility Programs
• The Future of Operating Systems

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