STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Mrs. Shyla Patrice D. Buenaobra, LPT

Measure
of
Variability
 Learning Objectives

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Define and Appreciate Solve

Differentiate The use of Measure for the variance and
range, variance of variability standard deviation of
and standard andrelate it to real ungrouped data
deviation life scenarios.
 Measure of Variability
 also called measure of spread,
“these are number that measure how spread out a
data set is along the ”

 “how far each element is from some

measure of central tendency.”

 DISPERSION is the difference between

the actual value and the average
value.
(Deviation)
 AVERAGE IQ
Students who
Students who
has HIGH IQ
has LOW IQ

IQ of the Elementary
 Measure of Variability
Standard
Range deviation

Variance
 Range
¿ 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
◍ is the difference of the highest value and the lowest
value in the data set

Advantages
• It is easy to compute
• It is easy to understand

Disadvantages
• It can be distorted by a single
extreme value
Example: Given :
Highest Value: ₱47,000
A corporation hired 5 Lowest Value: ₱38,000
graduates. The
starting salaries for Solution :
each graduate are
shown. 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆=𝑯𝑽 − 𝑳𝑽
₱ 41,000, ₱ 38,000, = ₱47,000 - ₱38,000
₱39,000, ₱45,000, = ₱9,000
₱47,000
The range of the starting salary is ₱9,000
Example: Given :
Highest Value: ₱860
The daily rates of a Lowest Value: ₱420
sample of eight
employees at GMS Solution :
Inc. are ₱550, ₱420,
₱560, ₱500, ₱700, 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆=𝑯𝑽 − 𝑳𝑽
₱670, ₱860, ₱480. = ₱ 860 - ₱ 420
Find the range.
= ₱ 440

The range in daily rate salary is ₱440

 Variance and
Standard Deviation
◍ measure the spread out the data is from
the mean
◍ The Further the data spreads, the greater
the standard deviation.
 Variance
mathematical expectation of
the average squared
deviations from the mean.

Standard Deviation
is calculated as the square
root of variance.
Sample Variance and Sample Standard
Deviation for Ungrouped Data

FORMULA FORMULA
σ- sample standard deviation
sample variance
x- the value of any particular
observations or
measurements.
sample mean
VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION
Example: STEP 1 : Compute for the mean

A corporation hired 5 Formula :

graduates. The
starting salaries for
each graduate are
shown. Solution :
₱ 41, 000+₱ 38 ,000 +₱ 39 , 000+₱ 45 , 000+₱ 47 , 000
₱ 41,000, ₱ 38,000, 5
₱39,000, ₱45,000,
₱47,000
Find the variance and
standard deviation. ₱ 42,000
STEP 2 : Subtract the mean from each STEP 3 : Square the , then get the sum.
of the value in the data set
₱ 42,000
x x
41,000 000 1,000,000
38,000 000 16,000,000
39,000 000 9,000,000
45,000 000 9,000,000
47,000 000 25,000,000
000 0 ,000
STEP 4 : Solve for the variance and 60,000,000 , n = 5
standard deviation

√ ∑ (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2
Variance
S.D=
𝑛−1
2 60 , 000,000
σ = ,000,000
5 −1

,000 σ=𝟑,𝟖𝟕𝟐.𝟗𝟖

Hence , the variance is ₱15,000 ,000 and the standard deviation is ₱

Example: STEP 1 : Compute for the mean

The daily rates of a Formula :

sample of eight
employees at GMS
Inc. are
Solution :
₱550, ₱420, ₱560,
₱ 550+₱ 420+₱ 560+₱ 500 ,+₱ 700 ,+₱ 670+₱ 860 ,+₱ 480
₱500, ₱700, ₱670, 8
₱860, ₱480.
4740
Find the variance and 𝑥=
8
standard deviation.
STEP 2 : Subtract the mean from each STEP 3 : Square the , then get the sum.
of the value in the data set

x
550 − 42.50 1,806.25
420 −172.50 29, 756.25
560 −32.50 1,056.25
500 −92.50 8, 556.25
700 107.50 11,556.25
670 77.50 6,006.25
860 267.50 71,556.25
480 −112.50 12,656.25
𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟐,𝟗𝟓𝟎
STEP 4 : Solve for the variance 142,950 , n = 8
and standard deviation

√ ∑ (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2
v
S.D=
𝑛−1
2 142 , 950
σ =
8 −1 σ=√ 20, 421.43
σ𝟐 =𝟐𝟎, 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 σ=𝟏𝟒𝟐.𝟗𝟎

Hence , the variance is ₱20,421.43 and the standard deviation is ₱142.90

MEASURES OF
POSITION
 Learning Objectives

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Illustrate Recognize Calculate

the following The use of the specified
measures of position: measure of
quartiles, decile and measures of position of a set
percentile position. of data
 MEASURES OF
POSITION
• also called Measures of Relative Standing

• identifies the rank or position occupied by a

data from an array or collected data

• These are numbers that measure the location

of data value relative to the center of the data
(z-scores)
 FRACTILE
S
• numbers that partition (divide) an
ordered data set into equal parts.

• Kinds of Fractiles: QUARTILE, DECILE and

PERCENTILE
 QUARTI
LE
 First quartile, (LOWER
QUARTILE) : About one quarter
of the data fall on or below .
 Second quartile, (MEDIAN):
About one half of the data fall CALCULATE THE POSITION
on or below OF THE LOWER QUARTILE.
 Third quartile, (UPPER FORMULA: =
QUARTILE) : About three Q = represents Quartile
quarters of the data fall on or k = position of the quartile
below .
n = total number of data
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8
THE SCORE OF 7
STUDENTS IN A Solution :
PHYSICS Formula :
SEATWORK ARE:
𝟏
7, 4, 3, 6, 7, 4, 8 𝑸 𝟏   =   (𝟕+𝟏 )
𝟒
FIND , AND 𝟏
𝑸 𝟏   =   (𝟖 )
𝟒
𝑸 𝟏   =   𝟐
IT MEANS THAT THE LOWER QUARTILE IS IN THE
2ND ORDER
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8
THE SCORE OF 7
STUDENTS IN A Solution :
PHYSICS Formula :
SEATWORK ARE:
𝟐
7, 4, 3, 6, 7, 4, 8 𝑸 𝟐   =   (𝟕+𝟏 )
𝟒
FIND , AND 𝟐
𝑸 𝟐   =   (𝟖 )
𝟒
𝑸 𝟐   =   4
IT MEANS THAT THE MEDIAN IS IN THE 4TH ORDER
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8
THE SCORE OF 7
STUDENTS IN A Solution :
PHYSICS Formula :
SEATWORK ARE:
𝟑
7, 4, 3, 6, 7, 4, 8 𝑸 𝟑   =   (𝟕+𝟏 )
𝟒
FIND , AND 𝟑
𝑸 𝟑   =   (𝟖 )
𝟒
𝑸 𝟑   =   6
IT MEANS THAT THE UPPER QUARTILE IS IN THE
6TH ORDER
FIRST METHOD

3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8

(LOWER (MEDIAN) (UPPER

QUARTILE) QUARTILE)
 FIRST METHOD
A METHOD OF FINDING THE QUARTILE VALUE

3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8
of the scores of the
is lower than scores is 7 of the
4 lower than 6 scores is
lower than 7
INTERQUARTILE RANGE
•  is a measure of where the “
middle fifty” is in a data set.
• The difference between the
third and first quartiles.
• FORMULA: IQR = Q3 − Q1
EXAMPLE 2:

THE NUMBER OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN

THE TOP 15 NUCLEAR POWER-PRODUCING
COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ARE LISTED.

ANSWER: = 10, 18, 31

IQR = = 31 -10 = 21
The number of power plants in the middle portion of
the data set vary by at most 21.
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example 3 : HIGHEST VALUE

1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31

THE SCORE OF 9
STUDENTS IN A Solution :
MATHEMATICS Formula :
LONG TEST ARE:
𝟏
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 𝑸 𝟏   =   (𝟗+𝟏 )
𝟒
30, 31
𝟏
FIND THE LOWER 𝑸 𝟏   =   (𝟏𝟎 )
𝟒
QUARTILE ( 𝑸 𝟏   =   𝟐.𝟓
 2ND METHOD
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
 STEP 2
LINEAR INTERPOLATION MULTIPLY THE RESULT BY THE
DECIMAL PART OBTAINED.
(2ND METHOD)
SOLUTION:
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31 = 4 X (0.5)
=2

POSITION STEP 3
ADD THE RESULT IN STEP 2 TO THE
SMALLER NUMBER.
STEP 1
FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOLUTION:
TWO VALUES WHEREIN IS =2+3
SITUATED. =5
7–3=4 THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF THE LOWER
QUARTILE () IS 5.
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31

THE SCORE OF 9
STUDENTS IN A Solution :
MATHEMATICS Formula :
LONG TEST ARE:
𝟑
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 𝑸 𝟑   =   (𝟗+𝟏 )
𝟒
30, 31
𝟑
FIND THE UPPER 𝑸 𝟑   =   (𝟏𝟎 )
𝟒
QUARTILE ( 𝑸 𝟑   =   𝟕.𝟓
 STEP 2
LINEAR INTERPOLATION MULTIPLY THE RESULT BY THE
DECIMAL PART OBTAINED.
(2ND METHOD)
SOLUTION:
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31 = 3 X (0.5)
= 1.5

7 POSITION STEP 3
ADD THE RESULT IN STEP 2 TO THE
SMALLER NUMBER.
STEP 1
FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOLUTION:
TWO VALUES WHEREIN IS = 1.5 + 27
SITUATED. = 28.5
30 – 27 = 3 THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF THE UPPER
QUARTILE () IS 28.5.
 DECILE
 These are the nine
scores points in which
divide a distribution FORMULA:
into ten equal parts.
  coincides with D = decile
k = position of the decile
the MEDIAN.
n = total number of data
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31

THE SCORE OF 11
STUDENTS IN AN ORAL Solution :
COMMUNICATION
LONG TEST ARE: Formula :
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 𝟕
30, 31, 31 𝑫 𝟕= ( 𝟏𝟏+𝟏 )
𝟏𝟎
FIND (. 𝟕
𝑫 𝟕= ( 𝟏𝟐 )
𝟏𝟎
𝑫 𝟕  =𝟖.𝟒
 STEP 2
LINEAR INTERPOLATION MULTIPLY THE RESULT BY THE
DECIMAL PART OBTAINED.
(2ND METHOD)
SOLUTION:
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31 = 3 X (0.4)
= 1.2

8 POSITION STEP 3
ADD THE RESULT IN STEP 2 TO THE
SMALLER NUMBER.
STEP 1
FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOLUTION:
TWO VALUES WHEREIN IS = 1.2 + 27
SITUATED. = 28.2
30 – 27 = 3 THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF () IS 28.2.
It means that 70% of the data falls below 28.2.
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31

THE SCORE OF 11
STUDENTS IN AN ORAL Solution :
COMMUNICATION
LONG TEST ARE: Formula :
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 𝟒
30, 31, 31 𝑫 𝟒= ( 𝟏𝟏+ 𝟏 )
𝟏𝟎
FIND (. 𝟒
𝑫 𝟒= ( 𝟏𝟐 )
𝟏𝟎
𝑫 𝟕  =𝟒 .𝟖
 STEP 2
LINEAR INTERPOLATION MULTIPLY THE RESULT BY THE
DECIMAL PART OBTAINED.
(2ND METHOD)
SOLUTION:
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31 = 0 X (0.8)
=0

4 POSITION STEP 3
ADD THE RESULT IN STEP 2 TO THE
SMALLER NUMBER.
STEP 1
FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOLUTION:
TWO VALUES WHEREIN IS =7+0
SITUATED. =7
7–7=0 THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF () IS 7.
It means that 40% of the data falls below 7.
PERCENTILE
 99 values of the variable FORMULA:
that divide an ordered data
set into 100 equal parts. P = Percentile
 coincides the MEDIAN. k = position of the Percentile
n = total number of data
The percentiles determine the
values for 1%, 2%... and 99%
of the data.
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31

THE SCORE OF 11
STUDENTS IN AN ORAL Solution :
COMMUNICATION
LONG TEST ARE: Formula :
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 𝟒𝟎
30, 31, 31 𝑷 𝟒𝟎= ( 𝟏𝟏+𝟏 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
FIND (. 𝟒𝟎
𝑷 𝟒𝟎= ( 𝟏𝟐 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷 𝟒𝟎  =𝟒.𝟖
 STEP 2
LINEAR INTERPOLATION MULTIPLY THE RESULT BY THE
DECIMAL PART OBTAINED.
(2ND METHOD)
SOLUTION:
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31 = 0 X (0.8)
=0

4 POSITION STEP 3
ADD THE RESULT IN STEP 2 TO THE
SMALLER NUMBER.
STEP 1
FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOLUTION:
TWO VALUES WHEREIN IS =7+0
SITUATED. =7
7–7=0 THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF () IS 7.
It means that 40% of the data falls below 7.
 ARRANGE THE DATA SET FROM LOWEST TO
Example: HIGHEST VALUE

1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31

THE SCORE OF 11
STUDENTS IN AN ORAL Solution :
COMMUNICATION
LONG TEST ARE: Formula :
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 𝟖𝟎
30, 31, 31 𝑷 𝟖𝟎 = ( 𝟏𝟏+𝟏 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
FIND (. 𝟖𝟎
𝑷 𝟖𝟎 = ( 𝟏𝟐 )
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷 𝟖𝟎  = 𝟗.𝟔
 STEP 2
LINEAR INTERPOLATION MULTIPLY THE RESULT BY THE
DECIMAL PART OBTAINED.
(2ND METHOD)
SOLUTION:
1, 3, 4, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, 31 = 1 X (0.6)
= 0.6

9 POSITION STEP 3
ADD THE RESULT IN STEP 2 TO THE
SMALLER NUMBER.
STEP 1
FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOLUTION:
TWO VALUES WHEREIN IS SITUATED. = 30 + 0.6
31 – 30 = 1 = 30.6
THEREFORE, THE VALUE OF () IS 30.06.
It means that 80% of the data falls below 30.6
𝑫 𝟏 𝑫 𝟐 𝑫 𝟑 𝑫 𝟒 𝑫 𝟓 𝑫 𝟔 𝑫 𝟕 𝑫 𝟖 𝑫 𝟗 𝑫 𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝟐
MEDIAN OF THE
𝑷 𝟓𝟎
POSITION
Thank
You!!!