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Lecture 05 Image Enhancement III

This document discusses various image enhancement techniques including local histogram processing, local enhancement using statistical parameters from histograms, and mathematical/logical operations on images. Local histogram processing involves defining a neighborhood block, computing the local histogram, and applying transformations locally. Local enhancement can be based on statistical measures like mean and variance in a block rather than the full histogram. Mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and logical operations can also be used for tasks like noise removal, background removal, image matching and object tracking.

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144 views28 pages

Lecture 05 Image Enhancement III

This document discusses various image enhancement techniques including local histogram processing, local enhancement using statistical parameters from histograms, and mathematical/logical operations on images. Local histogram processing involves defining a neighborhood block, computing the local histogram, and applying transformations locally. Local enhancement can be based on statistical measures like mean and variance in a block rather than the full histogram. Mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and logical operations can also be used for tasks like noise removal, background removal, image matching and object tracking.

Uploaded by

ELahore Bazaar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image Processing

Lecture 5: Image Enhancement-III

Dr. Arfan Jaffar


Histogram Matching

Issues with Histogram specification and matching

No rule for specifying an optimal histogram

Each given enhancement task needs to be analyzed on


a case-by-case basis

Histogram specification is somehow a trial-and-error


process

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Local Histogram Processing
The histogram processing methods mentioned up to
now are global transformation where:

Function is designed according to the gray-level


distribution over an entire image

Global transformation methods may not be suitable


for enhancing details over small areas
(where number of pixels may have negligible
influence on designing the global transformation
function)
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Local Histogram Processing
Implementation

Step1:
Define a square or rectangular neighborhood (block),
compute the histogram in the local block by designing the
transformation functions based on the local gray-level
distribution
Step 2:
Utilize the histogram equalization or specification method to
generate the transformation function, perform the gray level
mapping for each pixel in the Block
Step 3:
Move the center of the block to an adjacent pixel location
and repeat the procedure

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Local Histogram Processing

Optimization:

 The local histogram can be updated each time without re-


computing the histogram over all pixels in the new block
(since the block only shifts one pixel each time)

 If utilizing non-overlapping region shift, the processed


image usually has an undesirable checkerboard effect

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Local Histogram Equalization Example

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Local Histogram Equalization Example

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Local Enhancement using Statistical Parameters
from Histogram

Local enhancement can be based on statistical


properties of the gray levels in a block instead of
using full histogram

Examples:
 Mean: gives the average brightness of the image
 Variance: (σ2) and its square root the standard
deviation gives the deviation of intensities on
average from the mean value (average contrast)
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Local Enhancement using Statistical Parameters

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Local Enhancement using Statistical Parameters

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Local Enhancement using Statistical Parameters

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Local Enhancement using Statistical Parameters

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Local Enhancement using Statistical Parameters

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Mathematical/Logical Operations on Images
 Addition
–Averaging images for noise removal
 Subtraction
–Removal of background from images
–Image enhancement
–Image matching
–Moving/displaced object tracking
 Multiplication
–Superimposing of texture on an image
–Convolution and correlation of images
 And and or operations
–To remove the unnecessary area of an image through
mask operations

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Image Averaging for Noise Reduction

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Image Averaging for Noise Reduction

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Image Averaging for Noise Reduction

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Image Subtraction
• Takes two images as input and produces a third
image whose pixel values are those of the first
image minus the corresponding pixel values from
the second image
• Variants
– It is also often possible to just use a single image as
input and subtract a constant value from all the pixels
– Just output the absolute difference between pixel
values, rather than the straightforward signed output.

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Image Subtraction
• The subtraction of two images is performed in a
single pass

• If the operator computes absolute differences between


the two input images then:

• If it is simply desired to subtract a constant value C


from a single image then:

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Image Subtraction
• If the operator calculates absolute differences, then it is
impossible for the output pixel values to be outside the
range
• In rest of the two cases the pixel value may become
negative
• This is one good reason for using absolute differences.

• How to solve problem of negative pixels?

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Image Subtraction
• How to solve problem of negative pixels?
• Let we have an 8 bit Grayscale image (Value Range= 0 t0 255)
• The result of image subtraction may come in the range of -255 to
+255
• One scheme can be to add 255 to every pixel and then divide by
2
• Method is easy and fast
• Limitations
– Truncation errors can cause loss of accuracy
– Full range of display may not be utilized

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Image Subtraction

• How to solve problem of Negative Pixels?


• Another scheme can be
– Find value of Minimum Difference
– Add this value to all pixels in the Difference Image. This will
make a modified difference image whose minimum value is 0
– All pixel values are then scaled to the interval [0,255] by
multiplying each pixel by the quantity 255/Max where Max is
the maximum value in the modified image.

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Examples of Image Subtraction

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Examples of Image Subtraction

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Example: Background Removal Using Image Subtraction

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Example: Background Removal Using Image Subtraction

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Examples of Image Multiplication

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Example of Logical Operations using Masks

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