AR 8801

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

S. HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AMS ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2020-2021

 COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the vocabulary, elements and classification of human settlements.
 To give exposure to planning concepts at different scales of settlements.
 To give an understanding of planning addressing current issues.

S. HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AMS ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2020-2021

UNIT 2 _ FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Structure and form of settlements – linear, non-linear, circular and combinations settlements, Reasons
for development – Advantages and Disadvantages, Case Studies, Factors influencing the growth and
decay of human settlements

S. HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AMS ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2020 - 2021

Structure And Form Of Human Settlements _ Introduction

• Settlements may be towns or villages, big or small.

• Pattern of the town plan is influenced by various factors such as situation of the site, the nature of the terrain,
period of development, the economic structure, the nature of industry and trade practiced.
• The structure of growing urban areas become complex over time
• Each urban area has variety of functions which alter the land use pattern of that area.
• Due to the complexity of land uses found throughout a city a number of models have been created to identify
patterns of land use.

Settlement Site And Situation:

• The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding and physical features.
• Situations have impact on the settlement’s type, size and function.
• Many site factors diminish over time as technological advances enable people to overcome difficulties - For eg.
a modern settlement need not be close to a river because drinking water is now piped to homes and waterways
are no longer important for transport.

Structure of a Settlement = Type Of Settlement

Vary due to geographical, cultural and economical factors. Settlements can be broadly classified into

• Urban settlements
• Rural settlements
 Structure of a Settlement

Rural Settlement Urban Settlement

Cluster / nucleated Based on census Based on evolution

Settlement

Small town Ancient towns

SemiClustered / semi
Medieval towns
nucleated Settlement Medium town
Large town Modern towns
Hamleted Settlement Post independent towns

Dispersed Settlement
Types Of Rural Settlements in India :
Sparsely populated, like a village. Few built-up areas. The inhabitants are engaged in primary activities such as
farming, fishing and mining. The type of rural settlements in India is determined by extent of built-up area and inter-
house distance. They are of 4 types:
1.Clustered, 2. Semi Clustered, 3. Hamleted 4. Dispersed Settlements
Nucleated/Clustered/ Compact / AgglomeratedSettlements
1. Rural settlement where a number of families live in
close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding
the collection of houses and farm buildings.
2. A clustered rural settlement typically includes homes,
barns , tool sheds, and other farm structures along with
religious and school structures.
3. Each person that lives on a clustered rural settlement is
allocated strips of land in the surrounding fields.
4. The strips of land are allocated differently, some people
own or rent the land.
5. When the population of a settlement grows too large
for the capacity of the surrounding fields, new
settlements are established nearby.
6. Homes, public buildings, and fields in a clustered rural
settlement are arranged according to local cultural and
physical characteristics.
7. Clustered rural settlements are often arranged in one of
two types of patterns: circular and linear.
8. Linear settlements: Grouping of houses along a line,
Mostly along roads, railway tracks, coast or river banks
9. Nucleated settlements: Grouping of many houses
together around a centre area, Favourable sites at road
junctions, focal points of an area or junction of rivers.
Semi-clustered / semi nucleated / semi agglomerated
settlements:

1. In this type of settlement the built-up area is less

compact as compared to the clustered settlement.
2. It may result from segregation or fragmentation of a
large compact village.
3. Some sections of a village society choose or is forced to
live a little away from the main cluster or village.
4. The land-owning and dominant community occupies
the central part of the main village, whereas people of
lower status of settle on the outer flanks of the village.
5. It is also called hamleted clustered or quasi-compact
rural settlement.
6. In this type besides the main human settlement, one or
more satellite ( fragmented ) settlements (wadi, wasti)
are found, which are linked through footpaths/ tertiary
roads
Hamleted settlement:

1. When a large settlement gets fragmented into several

smaller units physically separated from each other but
bears a common name it forms hamleted settlement.
2. It occurs due to social and ethnic factors.
3. These small units of settlements are known as panna,
para, palli, nagla, dhani etc.
4. Such settlements are found in Ganga plains, lower
valleys of Himalayas.
Dispersed  / Scattered / Isolated / Sprinkled  settlement:
1. When a settlement has a few isolated huts it is called
dispersed settlement.
2. These types of settlements are found in remote jungles, small
hills with a few farms and pastures on the slope.
3. It results from extremely fragmented and small resource
support.
4. They are found in Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh
and Kerala.

Rural Settlement Characteristics:

1. Scattered throughout India are approximately 500,000 villages.
2. The Census of India regards most settlements of fewer than 5,000
as a village.
3. These settlements range from tiny hamlets of thatched huts to
larger settlements of tile-roofed stone and brick houses.
4. Most villages are small; nearly 80 percent have fewer than 1,000
inhabitants
5. Most are nucleated settlements, while others are more dispersed.
6. It is in villages that India's most basic business--agriculture--takes
place.
7. Dominant Functions:
mainly primary activities - farming, mining and lumbering
Amenities - few amenities, poor accessibility - gets water from rivers and wells - may not have schools and
clinics - travel long hours to get to nearest amenities in town or city - footpaths, unpaved and narrow roads
used to move around
Way of life - simple way of life, slower pace of life - less traffic, less pollution - open interaction between
people in the same community - family unit tend to be closely knit and community activities throughout the
year draw people together
Types Of Urban Settlements In India

Urban settlement - densely populated area, like a town or city, where the inhabitants are engaged in secondary
industry such as manufacturing and tertiary industry such as tourism.
As per Census of India Urban area adopted is as follows:
(a) All statutory places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee,
etc.
(b) A place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously
1. A minimum population of 5,000
2. At least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
3. Density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile)
Urban population in NSS (National Sample Survey) consumption expenditure surveys have been classified in
three size-class of towns,
1. population less than 50000 -small towns
2. population between 50000 and one million –medium towns
3. population above one million -large towns

Classification Of Indian Towns On The Basis Of Their Evolution:

Ancient towns: - Varanasi, Ayodhya,

Prayag, Pataliputra, Madurai, etc.

1. Towns which are more than 2000

years old and have long history
of existence are termed as
ancient towns.

2. These towns developed as Madurai city plan

religious and cultural centres.
Medieval towns: Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow,
Agra, etc.
Towns which emerged during medieval period as
headquarters of kingdoms are termed as medieval
towns.

Jaipur city plan

Modern towns:
1. Pre-independence towns: these towns were
developed by the British and other Europeans
rulers.
2. They were port towns such as Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, Surat, Goa, and Pondicherry.
3. Later some hill stations and summer resorts were
developed by them such as Shimla, etc.
Surat city plan

Post-independence towns:
4. These towns were developed as administrative
centres such as Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar,
Gandhinagar.
5. Some developed as industrial towns such as
Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni.
6. Some old towns also developed as satellite towns
around metropolitan cities such as Ghaziabad,
Rohtak, Gurgaon around Delhi.
Aspects / Factors that determine whether an area is urban or rural:

1. Population : - (Elaborate)
2. Land use-growth pattern : - (Elaborate)
3. Physical planning : - (Elaborate)
4. Infrastructure and services delivery-water supply and sanitation system : -(Elaborate)
5. Health care : - (Elaborate)
6. Education : - (Elaborate)
7. Environmental planning : - (Elaborate)
8. Housing design (kutchha –pucca houses) and construction technology : - (Elaborate)
9. Cultural heritage : - (Elaborate)
10. Administration : - (Elaborate)
11. Occupation : - (Elaborate)
12. Living conditions : - (Elaborate)
13. Community facilities : - (Elaborate)
14. Socio-cultural facilities : - (Elaborate)
15. ----
16. ----
17. ----
18. ----
Difference between settlement types and settlement pattern
Settlement Types Settlement  Pattern
Ø  It refers to the space / gaps between the Ø  It refers to the spatial organization
houses or settlements. (design) which describes the overall shape and
indentation of the settlement of the settlements.

Ø  Example: Nucleated, isolated etc.

Ø  Example: Linear pattern, rectangular etc

Difference between clustered and dispersed settlements

Land Use Pattern – Shapes

Linear
Usually the result of natural topography which restricts
growth; may also be a transportation spine.

Branch
A linear span with connecting arms.
Sheet
A vast urban area with little or no articulation.
Articulated sheet
A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several
subclusters.
Constellation
A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity
Satellite
Constellation of cities around a main cluster

City Growth pattern

According to urbanist HANS BLUMENFELD, cities can grow in
any of three ways:

1.Outward (expanding horizontally)

2. Upward (expanding vertically)
3. Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)
What is urban land use?
Urban land use literally refers to what takes up the physical space of a town or city. The main urban land uses are:
• Residential
• Industrial
• Commercial and administrative
• Infrastructure (including transport)
• Open space (including planned open space like parks, and derelict space)

Model versus theory: what’s the difference?

Models are simplified versions of reality. They are usually created when researchers look at several examples of
something, and identify the common elements.
In urban studies, models are often used to show how land use varies across a city. Researchers develop these
models by looking at one or more cities, and then drawing a simplified version of the land use pattern that they
find in most situations. Models can only be used to predict that a new situation will fit existing knowledge,
assuming that any factors not referenced in the model are constant (in urban models, this would mean that things
like hills, government policy and rivers are totally ignored).

A theory is an abstract idea that tries to explain why something happens. This means it isn’t easily observed in
reality. It is usually an untested, and if it is tested and shown to be ‘true’ in all situations, it may be referred to as a
law or rule. If it is not ‘true’ in all situations, it remains a theory.
In urban studies, theories are used for many reasons including to explain why cities are found in certain places,
why land use varies in cities, and why different groups of people are found in different parts of the city.

At the most basic level, models describe, while theories explain.

URBAN MODELS
What is a Urban Models / Land use Models / Ecological Models?
1. A model is useful in understanding a society
2. It shows how a city develops
3. It gives insight into the society’s urban planning skills, their social classes and economy
4. Land use models are theories which attempt to explain the layout of urban areas
5. A model is used to simplify complex, real world situations and make them easier to explain & understand
6. Each city or town has a different shape due to: Its evolution, location factors , history and function But many
cities and towns shared a common pattern and we can set models.
Types of Urban Models / Land use Models / Ecological Models
Monocentric models _ chicago school of thought
1. Concentric Zone Model
2. Sector Model
3. Central Business Districts
Polycentric models _ los angels school of thought
1. Multiple Nuclei Model
2. Galactic ( peripheral) model
New York school of thought
Halfway between Chicago school and los angels school. Proponents of the New York School claims that “most
economically productive districts and the most desirable residential areas are concentrated in and around the
city’s dense center, growth in the periphery is less patterned”
Non-Western models of urban land use
1. Latin america
2. South east asia
3. Sub saharan africa
4. Mediterranean europe
5. North africa
1. Burgess’s Concentric Zone Model:

• Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess.

• Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre.
• Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around the city centre. They are: CBD, zone in
transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone, high-class residential zone.

Criticisms :
1. Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors
2. Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located far from the city
3. Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment
4. It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape
Concentric Zone Model_ example _ Early Chicago
2. Hoytt’s Sector model
• Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors, not rings
• All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre. Activities in a sector are considered to be
the same throughout the sector because of the purpose/function it serves.
• The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes.
• High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.

Criticisms:
1. Applies well to Chicago.
2. Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model
3. Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make Commerce easier
4. With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD using their car.
5. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower class people may have cars.
Components of Hoyt Model
CBD – Central Business District is placed at the center. Sectors and the partial rings of land use/activities take place.
This area is often known as downtown and has high rise buildings.
Industry – Industries are represented in the form of a sector radiating out from the center. These forms sector
because of the presence of a transport linkage along which the activities grew. Presence of railway line, river or road
would attract similar activity, and thus a continuous corridor or “sector” will develop. Apart from industries this area
also serves as residential area for lower class workers. Living conditions are bad because of proximity to industries.
Low-Class Residential
Low-income groups reside in this area. Narrow roads, high population density, small houses with poor ventilation
exist in this area. Roads are narrow and often connects to the industries where most of the people in this sector
work. Closeness to industries reduces the travel cost and thus attracts industrial workers. Environmental and living
conditions are often inadequate because of the proximity to factories.

Middle-Class Residential
This area has middle income groups who can afford
more substantial travel cost and want better living
conditions. The activities of people residing in this
area consist of different activities and not just the
industrial work. It has more linkages with CBD along
with some linkages to industries. This area has the
most significant residential area.
High Class residential
This is the outermost and farthest area from the
downtown. Wealthy and affluent people live in this
area. This area is clean, has less traffic, quiet and has
large houses. Corridor or spine extending from CBD
to the edge has the best housing.
The significance of Hoyt Model 

• Ecological factors + economic rent concept to explain the land use pattern
• Stress on the role of transport routes in affecting the spatial arrangement of the city
• Both the distance and direction of growth from the city center are considered
• Brings location of industrial and environmental amenity values as determinants in a residential place
• Example: Sectors of high-class residential areas tend to grow towards higher grounds, sites with a better view,
more open space, the homes of influential leaders within the community and existing outlying, smaller
settlements.

Limitations of Sector Model 

• Only Railway lines are considered for the growth of sectors and do not make allowances for private cars.
• It is a monocentric representation of cities; multiple business centers are not accounted for in this model.
• Physical features – physical features may restrict or direct growth along specific wedges
• No reference to out of town development

Features of sector model

• Presence of low-income groups near industries supports Hoyt Model

• The Hoyt model realized that transportation (in particular) and access to resources caused a disruption of the
Burgess model.
• Transport linkages profoundly influence activities and their locations. Low transportation cost and proximity
to roads/railway reduce the cost of production.
• This model applies well to Chicago
• Account for major transportation routes and its effect on activities
Sector Model_ example _ south african cities
3. C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one central
business district.
Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres.
Certain functions require specialised facilities or sites, e.g. a port district needs a suitable waterfront.
Similar functions may group together for agglomeration economies.
Criticisms:
1. Negligence of height of buildings.
2. Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.
3. No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.
4. Concept may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic & political backgrounds.
Reason for the Model
Harris and Ullman argued that
cities don't grow a single
nucleus but several separate
nuclei. Each nucleus acts like a
growth point
The theory was formed based
on the idea that people have
greater movement due to
increased car ownership
This increase of movement
allows for the specialization of
regional centers
The number of nuclei around
which the city expands
depends upon situational as
well as historical factors
Reasons for the Model
Continued
Advantages:
This model has the advantage of being
more flexible than the earlier models,
as it doesn’t have a specific location for
each zone. Instead, the zones are
recognised as existing nearby to one
another but can be in different places
depending on the city. It also accounts
for the development of the motor car,
with the CBD no longer necessarily the
easiest place to get to.

Disadvantages:
Like the other models of the Chicago
School, the Multiple Nuclei Model does
not recognise several key features of
cities that could affect how the model
applies to reality.
High-rise buildings that could affect
population density are ignored
Each zone is homogenous throughout
(meaning that there is no variation
within each zone)
Government policies are not
considered, e.g. planning laws
The model is hard to apply to non-
Western cities
Monocentric models _ chicago school of thought _ comparison
4. Galactic ( Peripheral) model:
Galactic city model is based on the concept of galaxies in space. Galactic city model is a circular city model that
has a commercial and economic central area which is often called the central business district or CBD is at the
center of the city. The basic concept of this type of city model is high rise buildings in the city center and low rise
homes, residential areas and industrial, recreational and shopping districts surrounding the center of the city.
This is a much planned urban model of cities. The city then expands in a circular fashion around the CBD.

Elements of Galactic City Model:

CBD or City Center: The central business district or city center of the city is often the geographical heart of the
city that is the culture, business, economic and political center of a city. In the CBD area, there are often
skyscrapers and commercial buildings and town halls, government buildings and also buildings that represent
the historic past of the city.  The galactic city model has a high-density nucleus or city center and then the city
expands in a circular fashion around the city center.
Suburban Residential Area: 
The city sprawls around the city center or CBD in a galactic city model. A portion of the city is the suburban
residential area. This area is characterized as a residential district of the city with small and high homes, good
schools and a suburban-style look to the district. This area lies inside the outer periphery of the galactic city
model and has hotels, parks, medical centers and all essential infrastructures for a residential area.
Circumferential Highway: 
The galactic city model is a circular city model with a center and a radius around the center which makes the
city. The circumference of the city is often characterized by a circumferential circular highway that surrounds the
entire city.  This highway helps people avoid the traffic within the city and reach from one side of the city to
another through the outer periphery of the city.
Radial Highways: 
Besides the circumferential highways, there are radial highways. These highways connect the periphery of the
city from various points to the center CBD area of the city. These are often the main highways of the city which
are also linked to the arterial roads within the city.
Shopping Center: 
Usually, in a galactic model, a shopping center or shopping district of a city is next to the residential area of the
city and not in the city center. This makes it easier for residents living in the suburban residential zones of the city
to do their shopping in the nearby shopping district of the city. This is not a very strict rule as there are shopping
centers all over the city.
Industrial District: 
Every major city in the world has industrial development. This means that there are industrial plants and factories
in major cities all over the world. The industrial district in a galactic model of cities is located in one arc of this
circular type of cities. Often these industrial districts are located on the other side of the residential areas to keep
the residential areas and industrial districts separate.

Edge Cities: 
Galactic model of cities often has many edge cities on the outskirts beyond the periphery of the main city.  Edge
city is a concept of a concentration of commercial and recreational infrastructure outside the city. These edge
cities are often parts of the main city and are far away from the city center. They are often joined to the city center
by highways or main roads. Edge cities have business centers, shopping centers and entertainment destinations
for the residents of the main city.
Office Parks, Service Centers, Employment & Shopping Centers: 
Edge cities as described above are often beyond the peripheral edge of a city. Office parks are a concentration of
offices outside the city limits. A good example of this is a software park. To encourage the software industry, a
software park is a type of edge city where there is a concentration of software technology offices outside the city.
Service centers, employment centers, and shopping centers are other types of high-density urban zones nearby
outside the periphery of the galactic city model.
Airports: 
Generally, airports are outside city limits and far away from the city center in most cities in the world. An airport in
the galactic city model is also outside the city and it is connected to the city with either the peripheral highways or
the radial highways that are part of this type of city model.
Galactic / peripheral city Model_ example _ detroit
The best example of Galactic model is the city of Detroit in the United States of America. An aerial view of the city
actually showcases how there is a central business district with high rise building and the urban sprawl that
surrounds the central area of the city. Detroit is a city in the United States of America in the state of Michigan. This
city is very well planned with radial roads, city center, historic architecture, modern residential districts and was
known for the expansion of the auto industry in the city.
5. Latin American model
Latin America is the portion of North, Central and South
America. Cities in Latin America have often experienced
rapid industrialisation and population growth since 1950.
This model is often applied to Sao Paulo in Brazil.

The Central Business District is the commercial heart of

the city.
The most historic part of the city surrounds the CBD, and
contains a mixture of old colonial buildings along with
more modern hi-rise development.
There is also a commercial ‘spine’ along major roads ,
which extends the CBD outwards from the centre towards
edge-of-city retail parks (‘malls’)
The elite housing zone is the highest class residential
area, and it exists near to the commercial districts
because the time taken for journeys is generally very long
due to traffic congestion, so wealthy people avoid
travelling long distances between their homes and work.
The ‘periferico’ is a ring-road that helps traffic move
around the edge of the city
The periferia (or periphery – meaning ‘edge’) is the home
of the poorest people, who are generally new migrants to
the city. They settle on the outer edges of the city
because there is no space to occupy in the middle of the
city, and they are too poor to afford the rent. These
‘zones of disamenity’ are squatter settlements but they
gradually improve into permanent residential areas.
6. Southeast Asian model

Southeast Asian cities often have a very well

developed colonial centre, although it has
often been redeveloped out of all recognition.
Most major cities in southeast Asia are port
cities, and were originally located on the coast
because they offered trading opportunities.
Therefore these cities are prevented from
expanding in all directions by the coastline, so
are not represented by rings around the
centre, but by a wedge or semi-circular shape
instead.

Terry McGee developed the most influential

model of a southeast Asian city in his book The
“Southeast Asian city: a social geography of
the primate cities of Southeast Asia” published
in 1967. The model reflects the fast growth of
population, and therefore the expansion of the
urban area, since then. Especially important is
the location of new industrial zones, which are
not on the coast but inland where there is
plenty of cheap land. This is similar it is to
Hoyt’s Sector Model, but with adaptations to
suit the Asian experience.
7. Sub-Saharan African model
Harm de Blij, a geographer studied the urban
development of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa.
He recognised that there was frequently an old
CBD with colonial buildings and some
redevelopment (especially tower blocks).
However, he identified that cities often have
an ‘open air market zone’ in which informal
economic activity takes place. Residential
areas are distinguished from one another not
only by household wealth (the poorest are
often on the edge of the city, because new
migrants set up squatter settlements there)
but also by ethnicity. This is partly because
some African countries were created from
arbitrary colonial borders rather than from
tribal or national groupings, so ethnically
similar people group together when they
migrate to the city.

(Look at a modern map of Africa and observe

the large number of straight-line borders.
Many of these reflect agreements made by
European powers in the 1984-5 Berlin
Conference, which separated territories
between European countries for the purposes
of colonial expansion. When countries
achieved independence, these borders were
retained.)
8. Mediterranean Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Greece) and
North Africa

Models can be even more specifc.

This model show how it is possible to be very specific to a type of city. These very specific models – going
beyond a continental location and down to a sub-region – provide an interesting opportunity for further
study and the creation of more models for individual cities.
Urban models _ Case studies

1. Multiple nuclei model – Delhi

2. Sector Model _ Chandigarh
3. Concentric zone model _ madurai
Multiple Nuclei Model – case Study - Delhi
Reason for Adopting Multiple Nuclei Model in Delhi
There came a period with marked change in planning strategies
The mixed land use patterns - characteristic of our town was not incorporated.
The coming in of the automobile changed the concept of distance, which was judged on travelling time.
This led to vehicular oriented planning was of Lutyens Delhi in 1920's.
The coming of Automobiles necessitated the removal of noxious industries from predominantly residential areas.
Most of the planners were educated abroad and were very much influenced by planning concepts prevalent there.
Therefore the 1962 master plan for Delhi was based on having identified zones for different land uses.
The expansion of Delhihas resulted in its boundaries extending beyond the Yamuna river.
People tend to live further and further away from the city center because of the lower rents prevalent in these areas.
This has resulted in increased travelling distance from work to residence. More time is spent in commuting.
To overcome this problem the city worked in full swing to construct number of flyovers and to start off metro service.
In future the ring road signal would be free pressure would be taken off the buses in a big way MRTS .
Lutyens Delhi faces the question of redevelopment and re-densification.
This areas differs markedly as compared to the rest of Delhi.

Disadvantage:
One of the major policies of the Master Plan has been the development of the District Centers which is a failure .
The reason for this could be that the DDA is only interested in preparing the plan and design with the sole object of
selling the plot. No attention is paid to its location, context and zone of influence.
City of today’s Delhi is seen in three forms-

1.The inner city i.e. The city that existed before the introduction of the Master Plan.
2.The city of planned growth-which evolved between 1962-1982.
3.The new city of the future
It is important to tie the three together to make

Radial / concentric / Single Nuclei Urban Sprawl Multiple Nuclei

2. Sector model _Chandigarh planning concepts
Le Corbusier conceived the master
plan of Chandigarh as analogous to
human body, with a clear
demarcation.
Head (the Capitol Codified complex,
Sector 1 )
Heart (the City Centre Sector-17)
Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable
openspaces and sector greens)
Intellect (the cultural and educational
institutions)
Circulatory system (the network
of roads,the 7Vs)
Viscera (the Industrial Area).

Chandigarh – Master plan

 Chandigarh – Road Layout
1. In 1951 It Was Given To Le Corbusier
2. In Chandigarh Le Corbusier System Of Self Supporting
Neighborhood Unit Known as a Sector Has Worked Very
Well
3. Sector Which Is Introverted In Character Communicates
Only At 4 Junctions With The Adjoining Neighbourhood
Units
4. All The Houses Open Up Inside
5. Grid Planning Is Done
6. Chandigarh Planning Was Done In An Manner That
Everything Was Easily Clear About The Routes And Sectors
7. 7V’s Road System Is Used
8. The Roads Are Classified As V1, V2, V3………v7

Chandigarh – Sector Model

1. The basic planning of the city is a sector:
2. To accommodate 3,000 to 25,000 persons.
3. Toatal of 30 sectors , 24 sectors are residential.
4. The sectors surrounded by high speed roads, bus
stops every 400m.
5. The main principle of the sector is that never a
door will open on the surrounding of fast
vehicular road.
6. The size of the sector is based on the concept of
no pedestrian need to walk for more than 10min .
Planning concepts and their relevance to Chandigarh – the residential Sector planning

1. The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a

neighborhood unit of size 800 meters x 1200 meters.
2. Each SECTOR is a self-sufficient unit having shops,
school, health centers and places of recreations and
worship.
3. The population of a sector varies between 3000 and
20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and the
topography of the area.
4. A Hierarchy of Green Spaces can be observed in the
layout ranging from Public Greens at City Level to Semi-
Private to Private Green Areas

Hierarchy of
green spaces
Chandigarh – recreational / leisure spaces
The Leisure Valley is a green
sprawling space extending North-East
to South-West along a seasonal river

Planned as per the site gradients

It was conceived by Le Corbusier as

the lungs of the city.

Apart from large Public Parks and

special Botanical Gardens, it houses
series of Fitness Trails, amphitheaters
and spaces for open-air exhibitions.

That Extra Mile!

Identify your locality planning concept

How are the leisure area placed?
How are the leisure areas used presently?
3. Concentric zone model : Madurai
1. The city was built around the temple complex as the focal
point with a combination of concentric street pattern
2. MADURAI , popularly known as the Temple city, also called
as ATHENS OF THE EAST, City of Jasmine, CITY THAT NEVER
SLEEPS and City of four junctions.
3. Madurai is third major economic, industrial, commercial,
political center and a major transportation hub for the
southern Tamilnadu
4. The old city of Madurai is considered to be designed
according to the Rajdhani plan, described in Manasara,
one of the Shilpasastra, and has the fivefold concentric
rectangular formation with Meenakshi – Sundareshwara
Temple at a very center point .
5. Meenakshi Amma Temple is a historic Tamil Hindu temple
located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the
temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu
6. The temple forms the heart and lifeline of the 2,500-year-
old city of Madurai
7. The planned city has many bazaars and broad streets with
high and luxurious mansions on both sides .
8. The settlement pattern of Madurai is planned according to
the ancient system of town planning which is based on
caste and occupational hierarchies.
9. The map shows the present settlement pattern and its
relevance with the ancient town planning system.
10. Ancient south Indian temple towns are designed by placing
the temple complex at the center with concentric
rectangle pattern of streets around ( Srirangam)
11. The streets concentric to the temple
complex formed the major streets viz.,
Chithirai Streets, Avani Moola Streets and
Masi Streets.
12. The next order of streets is perpendicular to
the above streets and lead to the temple
entrances.
13. The developments within and beyond these
streets are on an irregular pattern.
14. A definite hierarchy of street pattern was
adopted with the width of the Streets
decreasing as they branched out, ending up
in stone paved streets and lanes - the width
of some being just 0.60 m.
15. The entire city was enclosed within the fort
walls and surrounded by a moat.
16. The fort walls have been razed down and
the moat filled up to form the present day
Veli Streets.
17. In Madurai, Meenakshi Amman Temple is at
the center.

Royal Palaces, Brahmins and Priests at the

first concentric rectangle Traders, Kshatriyas
and Vaishnavaites on the second rectangle.

The lowercaste Sudras and immigrants in

the third rectangle
City Form and forms of human settlement
A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited geographical area, so organized as
to facilitate the interchange of goods and services among its residents and with the outside world.
The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities.
Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific geographic location leading to the Creation of
urban areas.
Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the complex functions that cities perform.

Urban Form
Physical layout and design of the city
Spatial imprint of an urban transport system
Adjacent physical infrastructures.

Significance in Urban form or city form

Jointly they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities, ‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in
time’.
Factors Influencing City Form
1. Geography
2. Trade practiced
3. Period of development
4. Impact of natural natural environment
5. Social political and economic forces

Different Forms Of Human Settlements

• Linear
• Non Linear
• Concentric / Circular
• Radial
• Grid Iron
• Combinations
Forms Of Human Settlements:
Reasons for Development, Advantages and Disadvantages

Circular / Radiocentric / Concentric Form

1. Towns with geographical possibility of spreading in all
directions on a relatively level site
2. Usually tend to grow in a roughly circular form with inner
and outer ring roads
3. Linked together by radiating roads emanating from the
centre.
4. The residential areas in such towns are located around the
core, between the ring and radial roads.
5. The core itself forms the main business area and the early
industry is usually mixed up with residential localities.
6. As the town grows, new ring and radial roads come into
existence simultaneously with peripheral growth
7. Periphery has green belts.
8. Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.
Grid Iron Form
1. It is composed of straight streets crossing at right
angles to create many regular city blocks.
2. This form is typical of cities built after the
industrial revolution After industrial revolution
city played an important factor / place for
economic growth of a nation.
3. A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of
people and product throughout the city.
4. This pattern facilitated easy orientation and
layout of infrastructure with much less material
wastages.
5. Example: Chandigargh, San Fransisco,
washington DC
Linear City Form
1. Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata.
2. City expands along the spine of transport
3. The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban
Development with Housing And Industry growing Along
the Highway Between existing cities.
4. It is contained by the continuous open space of the
rural countryside.
5. Geographical features often dictate the form & Linear
city form sometimes results there from.
6. Such elongated city are not convenient to live, more
particularly if the population exceeds 2 to 3 lakhs,
because the distances to be covered to reach the town
centre where the major amenities are located too long
and the journey thereto causes fatigue.
7. A well known town of this type is Stalingrad in Russia.
The new town of Cumbernauld in Scotland is also an
elongated town, but since its population is limited to
70,000, difficulties dont crop up there.
Radial City Form - the Star Form

•A star shaped plan having green wedges of agricultural fields, fruit

orchards, forests and park radiates from the centre of the town.
•These wedges alternate with compact residential localities served
by commuter rail lines having populations of 25000 to 75000,
depending upon the size of the city.
•At the outer edges, the green wedges merge into the country side,
which serve the purpose of the green belt without any of its
disadvantages.
•Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, has a plan based on the same
principle, but with water on three sides, its development can take Renaissance – Ideal City
place only in one direction.
•Due to this, the shape of the plan looks like the fingers of the hand
and hence its development plan is called the “ Finger plan” of
Copenhagen.

Seventeenth-century plan of the fortified city of Casale

Monferratothe citadel is the large star-shaped structure on
the left.
City forms _ Case studies

1. Linear form _ Navi mumbai

2. Grid iron Form _ Gandhinagar
3. Radial _ Copenhagen
1. Linear City Form - Case Study - Navi Mumbai
1. The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at
south, east and west. As a result total land area
available for development of Mumbai is limited.
2. The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is
much less Than in Mumbai and sub-urban areas.
3. Many Govt & corporate offices have been shifted from
Mumbai to Navi Mumbai .

4. The Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi

Mumbai offer job opportunities of everyone - from
engineers to mechanics, from clerks to peons.
5. So large population of service class and middle class
population shifted to Navi Mumbai.

Navi Mumbai - Introduction.

Developed as a result of the following:

1. To handle the ever expanding mumbai population,

by creating an urban centre which will attract the
urban crowd.
2. To support the state wide industrial location policy,
a rational
distribution of industries over the state and balance
development of urban centres in hinterland.
3. To provide physical and social services for growing
poulation consisting of different sections of people.
Navi Mumbai Creation: Navi Mumbai – the built form:

• Based on the book – proposal “ twin city concept” • The CBD lies at the Centre with all major
by Charles Correa, Pravin Mehta and Shirish Patel. commercial, political and social activities
They presented the proposal for constructing new • CBD surrounde by transition zone which has
growth centres across bombay harbour on factories and warehouses.
mainland, to the government • Older residential areas replaced by expanding CBD
• The implementation occured through political and • Next zone had residences for lower income group
bureaucratic channels in 1969 and successive zones for hogher income groups.
• The site was chosen across the harbour from
bombay island.
• The site – a narrow piece of land bounded by residential
western ghats on north, south, east and arabian
sea on west. industries
• CIDCO ( city and industrial development
corporation of maharashtra) was formed to plan CBD
and develop navi mumbai in 1970
Navi Mumbai - Profile:

• World’s largest planned city with area of 344 sqkm

• Coastal stretch – 34.2 km
• Altitude – 20 deg N and Latitude – 73 deg East
• Mean annual Temperature – 25Deg C to 28 Deg C

• Climate – Subtropical Monsoon Climate ( Humid –

per - Humid to Semi Arid and Semi Humid type)

• Annual Rainfall 2500 to 3500 mm

CIDCO draft development plan 1973 :

Planning task was given to CIDCo

Following principles were used in design.

1. Ploycentric pattern of development

2. Aquisition of land to have control over
development
Site had following potential:
3. MIDC at Tajola for industrial development
4. Bridge over creek for transportation
5. Two existing municipal corporations at Panvel
and Uran
6. Thane Pune National Highway and the Link.
development potential of site
Navi mumbai – Design Principles:
• The conceptual design of navi mumbai was based on modernism
• Principles:
1. Nodes – decentralisation by design of self sufficient townships
2. Sectors – Residential neighbourhoods
3. Single use zoning as opposed to traditional multiple use Zoning
• Total area was divided into 3 townships. Each township had several sectors – many residential in nature.
• Each node planned to accommodate a range of some income groups
• Ponds created to accumulate excess runoff
Navi mumbai – Zones:
Navi mumbai has 12 nodes divided into 2 regions, north and south
2. Grid Iron Form - Case Study Gandhi Ngar
Introduction:
1. Located 23 km north of Ahmedabad (FINANCIAL CAPITAL
OF GUJARAT) Planned in 1960s by, prakash m apte & h.
k. Mewada
2. After partition of Bombay state, Ahmedabad was made
as the capital of Gujarat
Characteristics:
3. Gandhinagar's streets are numbered (e.g.. road no. 1,
road no. 2 up to road no. 7)
4. Cross streets named for letters of the Guajarati alphabet
(e.g., "k", "kh", "g", "gh", "ch", "chh", "j")
5. All streets are aligned at 30 deg. n-w and 60 deg. n-e, to
avoid direct glare of morning and evening sun while
driving. There are 30 sectors each of 1km x 0.75km.
6. The Gujarat assembly building is in the center of the city
to make it close to all the residents
Planning:
Phase 1:
After the city's infrastructure was completed in 1970,
and until 1980, it was known as ‘ Gandhian City,' since
it was based on Gandhi's concepts and principles.
Phase 2:
Between 1980 and 1990, a time of low pollution, it
was known as 'Unpolluted City'.
Phase 3:
After 1990, many trees were planted, and the city
became the 'Green City.'
Phase 4:
In 2002, Gujarat's Chief Minister, Narendra Modi,
proposed a new, triple focus for the city: it should be
green, It should use solar energy, and It should be
cosmopolitan.
The city has been planned in gridiron method
It is a highly structured city and has ordered street grid
patterns. It was built by taking inspiration from
Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar

Functions And Activities:

The major activity pattern of the district is
work areas
City center
Shopping, commerciial areas
warehousing areas
Residential areas
Recreation areas
Sports Centres
Gift City – Gujarat
Developed on 359 ha of land on the eastern bank of Sabarmati , s-e of Gandhinagar near info city about 4 km from
Gandhinagar sector 1 . The city will house –

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE (SEZ) ENTERTAINMENT ZONE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PARKS OF INDIA
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION ZONE CONVENTION CENTER HOTELS, SHOPPING MALLS,
INTEGRATED TOWNSHIPS INTERNATIONAL TECHNO PARK STOCK EXCHANGES AND SERVICE UNITS
3. Radial City Form - the Star Form – Case Study - Copenhagen

INtroduction

1. Copenhagen is the European

Green Capital for the year 2014
and aims to become the world’s
first carbon-neutral capital by
2025.
2. It works on the ground basis of
“Copenhagen Model” stating a
unique vision of cityPLANNING -
FINGER PLAN
3. Good public transit, attractive
public spaces, strong bike-ability,
and energy efficiency are the core
principles.

The Finger Plan

(Danish: Fingerplanen) is an urban plan from 1947 which provides a strategy for the development of the
Copenhagen metropolitan area, Denmark.
According to the plan, Copenhagen is to develop along five 'fingers', centred on S-train commuter rail lines, which
extend from the 'palm', that is the dense urban fabric of central Copenhagen.
In between the fingers, green wedges are supposed to provide land for agriculture and recreational purposes.
T he metropolitan area has an area of 3,030 km2 (1,170 sq mi) over 34 municipalities
The little finger
The northern suburbs form the little finger of the plan and are
traditionally the wealthiest.T the area is known as "The
Whiskey Belt", although the area is mixed between mansions,
larger houses, garden cities and midsize houses.
The ring finger
The north-northwestern part of the suburbs forms the ring
finger. The area is to a large extent formed by detached
middle-class dwellings, with some exceptions of housing
projects or upper-class areas.
The middle finger
The northwestern suburbs form the middle finger. It consists
of a mixed area of both detached middle-class dwellings,
widespread garden cities and large, low-rise public housing
projects. The area has a Considerable part of the industrial
areas of metropolitan Copenhagen, mostly in the traditional
sectors of manufacturing.
The index finger
The index finger forms the western suburbs, which are those
with the lowest income per capita and the highest crimerate.
The thumb
The southwest suburbs along the coast form the thumb of the
plan. While the central parts of these suburbs are dominated
by high-rise housing projects and low-income inhabitants, the That Extra Mile!
distant part is dominated by detached
middle-class houses. Can this Finger Concept be adopted for
The city’s airport, rail and suburbs are all connected to the our city’s “ Sustainable Urban Forms”
centre by the metro system.
In the city centre, a combination of measures has encouraged If so, what may be the 5 finger aspects?
an increase in walking and cycling and a decrease in privatecar
The transportation system
of Copenhagen

The sustainable – green

future Copenhagen
Other city forms
Other star shaped Towns Self Contained New Towns

In large towns and in cases where

employment is widely dispersed throughout
the metropolitan region, the growing
population can be channelled into new self-
contained towns having large populations of
1 to 2.5 lakhs.

Such towns can be separated by strips of

open country from the parent town, so that
they have their own identity, yet they can
draw upon the benefits, the parent town has
Tokyo – Star loop Pattern
to offer.

Ebenezer Howards Garden City – Decentralised Star Pattern

City Block and Super Blocks

A city block is the smallest area that is surrounded by streets. City blocks are the space for buildings within the
street pattern of a city, and form the basic unit of a city's urbanfabric.
Super blocks contain number of blocks or sectors, in the form of rectangular tracts of land, app ¾ mile long and ½
mile wide.
They accomodate poulation ranging from 15000 t0 25000 people.
They contain 3 to 4 neighbourhood units in each block
Cental continuous greenway passes through the unit, and repeated in next block, allowing pedestrians to walk from
one end of town to another safely without vehicular honderances.
All sectors are self contained units having schools, shops, offices, parks, social centres and places of worship etc.
Example: Chandigargh, Barcelona
Ribbon Development

Ribbon development is building houses along the routes of communications

radiating from a human settlement.

Such development generated great concern in the United Kingdom during the

1920s and the 1930s as well as in numerous other countries. Normally the very
first ribbons are focussed on roads.

The development is in the form of a ribbon or a line, i.e., a single row of houses
along the bus stops, bus routes, railway lines, railway stations etc.

PROBLEM OF RIBBEN DEVELOPMENT

The development is marked in all the cities and towns of the country.
Increasing urbanization and growing pressure on land near the city.

EFFECTS OF RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

towns and cities causing traffic and other issues.
the loss of food producing land.
Parking vehicles along roadsides.
Roadside encroachment.
Large number of advertisement cause driver distraction.
Factors Influencing Growth And Decay Of Human Settlements :

Availability of water
The area with enough water attracts more people to settle in those areas compared to arid or dry areas.
Availability of land for agricultural activities
The areas which have fertile land attract people to settle, while infertile land make people move away from it.

Relief of the area

people prefer in areas which are have gentle slopes and tend to avoid settling in areas which have steep slopes
due to difficult in establishing infrastructure and thin soil found in the steep slopes.

Availability of social services

People prefer to live in areas which have social services such as education, water and electricity and avoid settling
in areas which lack social services.

Climatic condition
Areas which have adequate rainfall tend to have high growth of settlement due to high agricultural production
while areas which experience low rain fall tend to have low growth of settlement due to shortage of water and
poor agricultural production

Government policy
G overnment can affect the growth of settlement by forcing people to settle in certain area or persuade people to
settle in certain area by supplying social services and other incentives.
Also government policy affect settlement growth through town and land use planning.
End of Unit 2
UNIT – II
PART A – 2 Marks

1. Mention 4 types of rural settlements in India give an example for each

2. What are types of urban settlements in india
3. What are the patterns of land use based on shapes?
4. What are the three basic patterns of city growth?
5. What are urban models?
6. What are the types of urban models?
7. state concentric zone model with example
8. State sector model with example
9. What are CBD’s. give an example.
10. State Multiple Nuclei model. Give an example.
11. What is a galactic model? Cite one example.
12. What are the different school of thought on the urban models?
13. State the advantages and disadvantages of multiple nuclei mode.
14. What are the factors influencing city form?
15. Give 2 examples for concentric city form
16. Give two examples for Grid iron Cities.
17. What is a linear city? Who coined the term? Give an example.
18. What is a radial city? Give an example.
19. Explain the latin american model.
20. Write short notes on sub saharan model.
PART B – 16 Marks
1. Discuss the types of rural settlement patterns in India with an example, what are its characteristics?
2. Elaborate the classification of Indian towns based on their evolution wit examples
3. What are the aspects/ factors that determine whether an area is urban or rural?
4. Explain the types of urban models stating the criteria for each model.
5. Explain elaborately Multiple Nuclei Model with a case study.
6. Elaborate the forms of Human settlement, stating its advantages and disadvantages.
7. Explain Grid Iron Form of city growth with a case study.
8. Explain the Linear city form, stating its principles and growth pattern with a case study.
9. Enumerate the factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements.