1151EC114 Waveguides and

Antennas
Dr. M. Saravanan
[email protected]

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 LOADING AND DIFFERENT METHODS OF LOADING
• The transmission lines suffers from attenuation.
• Condition for minimum attenuation.

• To minimize attenuation
Increase R
Increase L (More feasible)
Decrease G
Decrease C

• Increasing inductance by inserting inductances in series with line is termed as loading and such lines are called loaded
lines.
• The lumped inductors, known as loading coils and are placed at suitable intervals along the transmission line to increase
the effective distributed inductance.
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Continuous Loading:
• A sheet of iron or magnetic material is wound round the copper conductors.
• This method increases the permeability of the surrounding space, thereby increasing the inductance up to 100mH/Km.
• The process of continuous loading is laborious and expensive.
• Also, eddy current and hysteresis losses in the magnetic material increases the primary constant, R.
• Furthermore, cable repairs result in poor design.
• The advantage of continuous loading is that the cut off frequency is very high compared to lumped loading.

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Advantages of Continuous Loading:
• Attenuation is independent of frequency and it is same to all the frequencies.
• Increase in inductance up to 100mH per unit length of line is attainable.
• The attenuation can be reduced by increasing L, provided that R is not increased greatly.
Disadvantages:
• Very costly method
• Maximum increment of 100mH per unit length only.
• Size increases, so the capacitance increases
• Existing lines can not be modified
Patch Loading:
• The cable is loaded with sections of continuous loading separated by sections of unloaded cable.
• In this way, the cost of loading can be reduced.
• The sections are separated normally by 200 to 250 m.
• Patch loading is suitable for submarine cables.

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Lumped Loading:
• The loading coils are placed at suitable intervals along the cable to increase the effective inductance of the line.
• This method has very low attenuation up to cut off frequency, low eddy current losses and negligible external interference.
• Above the cut off frequency, the attenuation increases rapidly.
• The line acts as a low-pass filter.
• Lumped loading is mostly used on ocean cables.
Advantages of Lumped Loading:
• Hysteresis and eddy current losses can be minimized
• Cost is less
• Existing lines can be modified
• No practical limit to the value by which the inductance can be increased
Disadvantages:
• It acts like a Low Pass Filter. So attenuation increases considerably after cut-off frequency.

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• The effect of loading can be realized by comparing the unloading of a transmission line in the attenuation Vs frequency
graph.
• Fig. shows that the loaded line offers a low attenuation when compared to the unloaded line only for limited range of
frequencies.
• The important aspect of loading coil design is that saturation and stray fields should be avoided. it should have a low
resistance and should be in small size.
• In general toroidal cores are used for loading coils.
• For a loaded line, attenuation is constant and very low up to
a cut off frequency .
• It can be calculated as,

L = inductance of the loaded line (H/m) ,

C = Capacitance of the loaded line (F/m) and
d = length of loaded line in meters

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Characteristic impedance for inductive loaded underground telephone cable:

Neglect and

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Propagation constant for inductive loaded 𝛾= 𝑗 𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶 1+
( 1 𝑅 1 𝐺
+
1 𝑅𝐺
+ 2 2
2 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿 2 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶 4 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 )
+…

√ √
underground telephone cable:
𝛾=√(𝑅+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿)(𝐺+ 𝑗 𝜔𝐶) 𝑅 𝐿 𝐺 𝐶
𝛾= 𝑗𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶+ +
𝜔𝐿≫𝑅,𝜔𝐶≫𝐺 2 𝐶 2 𝐿

√
𝛾= 𝑗𝜔 𝐿 1+
𝑅
𝑗𝜔𝐿 (𝑗 𝜔𝐶 1+ ) ( )
𝐺
𝑗 𝜔𝐶
𝛼+ 𝑗 𝛽= 𝑗 𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶+
𝑅 𝐿 𝐺 𝐶
+
2 𝐶 2 𝐿 √ √
𝛾= 𝑗𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶 1+
𝑅
𝑗𝜔𝐿
1+
√( )( )
𝐺
𝑗𝜔 𝐶
𝛼=
√ √
𝑅 𝐿 𝐺 𝐶
+
2 𝐶 2 𝐿
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽=𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶

( )( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
𝑅 𝐺
𝛾= 𝑗 𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶 1+ 1+ is independent of frequency. If G=0, then

√
𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑗𝜔 𝐶 𝑅 𝐿
Using Binomial Theorem 𝛼=
𝑛 ( 𝑛 −1 )
2 𝐶𝜔
𝜔 1
𝑛
( 1+𝑥 ) =1+𝑛𝑥+ +… ( )
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 = = =
2! 𝛽 𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶 √ 𝐿𝐶
𝛾= 𝑗 𝜔 √ 𝐿𝐶 1+ ( 1 𝑅
2 𝑗𝜔𝐿
+… 1+
1 𝐺
)(
2 𝑗 𝜔𝐶
+… ) is independent of frequency. It is noted that the attenuation and
velocity are independent of frequency and the cable become
distortion less.
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Campbell’s Equation for performance analysis of a loaded line.

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We know that propagation constant for a symmetrical T When loaded sections are added
network is 𝑍 ′1 𝑍𝐿 𝑍1
= + (1)
Mathematically
2 2 2
For N spacing,
𝒁𝟏
Then 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 ( 𝑵 𝜸 )=𝟏+ (𝟐)
𝟐 𝒁𝟐
𝒁𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉( 𝑵 𝜸 )= (𝟑)
𝒁𝟐
From equation (2)
𝑍1
=𝑍 2 ( cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )−1   )
2
Sub in equation (1) we get

𝑍 ′1 𝑍 𝐿
= + 𝑍 2 ( cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )− 1 ) (4 )
2 2
From equation (3)
𝑍0
𝑍2 = (𝟓 )
sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )

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 Sub in equation (4) we get
′
cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )= 1+
𝑍0
( 𝑍𝐿
sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 ) 2 𝑍 0
sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )+cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 ) −1
)
𝑍 ′1 𝑍 𝐿 𝑍0 𝑍0
= + ( cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )−1 ) (6 ) sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )
2 2 sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )
′ 𝑍𝐿
cosh ⁡(𝑁 𝛾 )=cosh ⁡(𝑁 𝛾)+ sinh ⁡(𝑁 𝛾)
2𝑍0
𝑍 ′
( 𝑍 1 / 2)
′

cosh ( 𝑁 𝛾 )= 1+
′ 1
= = Characteristic impedance of the line before loading
2 𝑍2 𝑍2
Sub in equation (6) we get = Propagation constant of the line before loading
= Impedance of the loading coil

′
cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )=1+
( 𝑍𝐿
+
𝑍0
2 sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾)
( cosh ⁡(𝑁 𝛾) −1 ) ) N = Coil spacing i.e. distance in km between loading coils
𝑍2 = Propagation constant of the line after loading
Sub equation (5) we get

′
cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )=1+
𝑍𝐿
2 (+
sinh
𝑍0
⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )
( cosh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 ) −1 ) )
𝑍0
sinh ⁡( 𝑁 𝛾 )

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 Thank you
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
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