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Lecture 10 - Electronic Structure of Matter

The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Democritus to Bohr. It describes Bohr's model of the atom which proposed that electrons outside the nucleus are quantized. The document then discusses electronic structure and configuration, including the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and Pauli exclusion principle for determining electron configuration. It introduces quantum numbers including principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers used to describe electron characteristics. Finally, it provides examples of writing electron configurations and assigning quantum numbers.

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Jhomel Howell
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48 views

Lecture 10 - Electronic Structure of Matter

The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Democritus to Bohr. It describes Bohr's model of the atom which proposed that electrons outside the nucleus are quantized. The document then discusses electronic structure and configuration, including the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and Pauli exclusion principle for determining electron configuration. It introduces quantum numbers including principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers used to describe electron characteristics. Finally, it provides examples of writing electron configurations and assigning quantum numbers.

Uploaded by

Jhomel Howell
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Structure of Matter

Historical development
of atoms
• Democritus
• Dalton
• J. J. Thomson
• E. Goldstein
• J. Chadwick
• E. Rutherford
• N. Bohr
Historical development
of atoms
• Democritus
• Dalton
• J. J. Thomson
• E. Goldstein
• J. Chadwick
• E. Rutherford
• N. Bohr – proposed that electrons
outside the nucleus are “quantized”
4
3
s 2
s 1
p s
p s 2e-
p
d d 8e- No. of
Atomic
f degenerate
18e- Orbital
orbitals
32e- s 1
p 3
d 5
Bohr’s Model of the atom f 7
Electronic Structure of
Matter

•Electronic Configuration
•Quantum Numbers
Electron
configuration
• is a description of
the orbitals that the
atom’s electron
occupy.
• it can be predicted by
following three rules
• It follows the general
formula, nlx
Rules in writing electronic
configuration
1. Aufbau Principle
– electrons
occupy orbitals
according to
increasing
energy
Rules in writing electronic
configuration
2. Hund’s Rule –
when electrons
occupy
degenerate
orbitals, electrons
do not pair-up
until each orbital
is occupied.
Rules in writing electronic
configuration
3. Pauli’s Exclusion
Principle –
Electrons
occupying the
same orbital must
have opposite
spins.
Example: Write the electron
configuration of the following
elements.
1. C6 1s2 2s2 2p2

2. Na11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1


1s2 2s2 2p3
3. N7
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
4. S16
1s2 2s2 2p4
5. O8
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
6. Cl
Practice Exercise:

Write the electronic configuration of each


element.
a. 19K f. 15P
b. 20Ca g. 17Cl
c. 22Ti h. 23V
d. 37Rb i. 12Mg
e. 28Ni j. 30Zn
Answer key: Practice Exercise.
Part 1
a. K 1s2 2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 4s1
b. Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
c. Ti 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2
d. Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1
e. Ni 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
f. P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
g. Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
h. V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
i. Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
j. Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
More practice:

Write the electronic configuration of each


element.
a. 50Sn f. 16S
b. 56Ba g. 49In
c. 38Sr h. 82Pb
d. 41Nb i. 25Mn
e. 35Br j. 46Pd
Answer key: Practice Exercise.
Part 2
a. 50Sn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p2

b. 56Ba 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
c. 38Sr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2

d. 41Nb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d3
e. 35Br 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5

f. 16S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

g. 49In 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p1

h. 82Pb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

i. 25Mn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5


j. 46Pd 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d8
Quantum numbers - The characteristics of the
electrons can be described using four quantum numbers.

The Principal Quantum Number (n)


The Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
The Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The Magnetic-Spin Quantum Number (ms)
Quantum numbers - The characteristics of the
electrons can be described using four quantum numbers.

The Principal Quantum Number (n)


- is used to express the energy of an electron.
- its values maybe any real number (1, 2, 3..)
- the larger the value of n, the farther away the
electron is from the nucleus, thus, the larger
the orbital.
Quantum numbers - The characteristics of the
electrons can be described using four quantum numbers.

The Principal Quantum Number (n)


The Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
- describes the shape of the orbital (orbital type)
- the number of possible values of l is
equivalent to the numerical value of n
- the values of l are from 0 to n-1
ex. If n = 1, l = 0;
If n = 2, l may be 0 and 1
Quantum numbers - The characteristics of the
electrons can be described using four quantum numbers.

The Principal Quantum Number (n)


The Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
The Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
- describes the orientation in space of the
orbital
- its values depends on the value of l, ml= -l to
+l
- ex. If l = 1, ml= -1, 0, +1
Quantum numbers - The characteristics of the
electrons can be described using four quantum numbers.

The Principal Quantum Number (n)


The Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
The Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The Magnetic-Spin Quantum Number (ms)
- describes the spin of an electron
- has a value of +1/2 or -1/2
Practice: Give the set of quantum
numbers that will describe the electrons of
carbon 6C

Electrons n l ml ms
1st 1 0 0 -1/2
2nd 1 0 0 +1/2
3rd 2 0 0 -1/2
4th 2 0 0 +1/2
5th 2 1 -1 -1/2
6th 2 1 0 -1/2
More Practice: Give the set of quantum
numbers that will describe the electrons of
carbon 27Co
Electrons n l ml ms
1st 1 0 0 -1/2
2nd 1 0 0 +1/2
3rd 2 0 0 -1/2
4th 2 0 0 +1/2
5th 2 1 -1 -1/2
6th 2 1 0 -1/2
7th 2 1 +1 -1/2
8th 2 1 -1 +1/2
9th 2 1 0 +1/2
More Practice: Give the set of quantum
numbers that will describe the electrons of
carbon 27Co
Electrons n l ml ms
10th 2 1 +1 +1/2
11th 3 0 0 -1/2
12th 3 0 0 +1/2
13rd 3 1 -1 -1/2
14th 3 1 0 -1/2
15th 3 1 +1 -1/2
16th 3 1 -1 +1/2
17th 3 1 0 +1/2
18th 3 1 +1 +1/2
More Practice: Give the set of quantum
numbers that will describe the electrons of
carbon 27Co
Electrons n l ml ms
19th 4 0 0 -1/2
20th 4 0 0 +1/2
21st 3 2 -2 -1/2
22nd 3 2 -1 -1/2
23rd 3 2 0 -1/2
24th 3 2 1 -1/2
25th 3 2 2 -1/2
26th 3 2 -2 +1/2
27th 3 2 -1 +1/2
More practice:
Write the set of quantum numbers of
electrons occupying each orbitals.
a. 3p  n= 3l=1
b. 2p  n= 2l=1
c. 3s  n= 3l=0
d. 5p  n= 5l=1
e. 3d  n= 3l=2
More practice:
Write the orbital described by the given
quantum numbers.
a. n = 3, l = 1  3p
b. n = 3, l = 0  3s
c. n = 3, l = 2  3d
d. n = 4, l = 3  4f
e. n = 2, l = 1  2p
More practice:
Write the complete set of quantum
numbers for the last electron. Name
the element.
a. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
b. 1s2 2s2 2p6
c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
d. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
e. 1s2 2s2 2p5
Check your answer…

Identity n l ml ms
Magnesium 3 0 0 +1/2
Neon 2 1 1 +1/2
Sulfur 3 1 -1 +1/2
Sodium 3 0 0 -1/2
Fluorine 2 1 0 +1/2
…. Next Lesson
Periodic table and trends

Bring Periodic table


Atomic
Orbitals
-the spaces
s, p, d, & f?
around the
nucleus of the
atoms where
spaces?
electrons are
most likely to
be found.
(s, p, d, and f)
S - Orbital
Representations of
s orbitals

The electron
probability
distribution
Representations of
1s, 2s and 3s
orbitals

The surface
that contains
90% of the total
electron
probability (the
size of the
orbital).
P - Orbital
Representation of
the p-0rbital

The boundary
surface
representations
of all the 2p-
orbitals.
Representation of
the d-orbital

The boundary
surfaces of all
the 3d-
orbitals
Representation of
the f-orbital

The
boundary
surfaces
of all the
4f-
orbitals
End of Lesson…

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