“Digital Logic Design”

Prepared by:
Azad O. Abdullah
[email protected]

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“Number Systems and
Conversions”

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Contents:

Number Systems
Conversions
Arithmetic

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Number Systems:

Decimal Numbers
Binary Numbers
Octal Numbers
Hexadecimal Numbers

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Decimal Numbers:

We are familiar with decimal number as we are

using in every day life.
The decimal number system has ten digits, 0
through 9.
The decimal number system has a base (or radix)
of 10.
Decimal weight: 104 103 102 101 100. 10-1 10-2
10-3.

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Decimal Numbers:
Example 1: Express the decimal number 47 as a
sum of the values of each digit.
Solution: The digit 4 has a weight of 10, which is
101, as indicated its position. The Digit 7 has a
weight 100 , which is 100, as indicated by its
position.

(47)10 = (4 X 101) + (7 X 100)

= (4 X 101) + (7 X 1) = 40 + 7 = (47)10
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Example 2: Express the decimal number 92.53 as
a sum of the values of each digit.

Solution:
(92.53)10 = (9 X 101) + (2 X 100) + (5 X 10-1) + (3
X 10-2)
= (9 X 10) + (2 X 1) + (5 X 0.1) + (3 X 0.01)
= 90 + 2 + 0.5 + 0.03
= (92.53)10

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Binary Numbers:
The binary number system is another way to
represent quantities.
It is less complicated than the decimal system
because it has only two digits.
The binary system with its two digits is a base-
two system.
The two binary digits (bits) are 1 and 0.

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Ex1:
Ex2: (100101.01)2 = (?)10
=(1 X 25)+(0 X 24)+(0 X 23)+(1 X 22)+(0X 21)+
(1 X 20)+(0 X 2-1)+(1 X 2-2)

= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 +1+ 0 + 0.25
=(37.25)10
Ex3: (101.011)2 = (?)10
=(1x22)+(0 x21)+(1x 20)+(0x2-1)+(1x2-2)+(1
x2-3)

=(1x4)+(0x2)+(1x1)+(0x0.5)+(1x0.25)+(1x
0.125)

= 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0.125
= (5.375)10
Octal Number:
The octal number system is compose of eight digits,
which are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7

Example: Convert the following octal numbers to

decimal number:

1. (2374)8

2. (607.17)8

3. (7016.074)8
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Solutions:

1. (2374)8 = 2*83 + 3*82 + 7*81 + 4*80

= 2*512 + 3*64 + 7*8 + 4*1

= 1024+192+56+4

= (1276)10

2. (607.17)8 = 6*82 + 0*81 + 7*80 + 1*8-1 + 7*8-2

=(391.234375)10

3. (7016.074)8 = 7*83 + 0*82 + 1*81 + 6*80 + 0*8-1 + 7*8-2 + 4*8-

3 =(?)10
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Hexadecimal Number:
It is base on 16 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

Example:

1. CD8.F14D

2. AF

3. C

4. (9)16

5. AA8.7

6. E6
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Solutions:

1) CD8.F14D =(?)10

= 12*162 + 13*161 + 8*160 + 15*16-1 +1*16-2 +

4*16-3 + 13*16-4

=(3288.94258117)10

2) AF=? H.W

3) C=(12)10

4) (9)10 =? H.W
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5) Convert (E6)16 to Decimal.

(E6) 16 = E * 161 +6 * 160

= 14 * 16 +6 * 1 = 224 + 6
= 230 = (230) 10

6) Express (AA8.7)16 in Decimal.

(AA8.7)16 = 10 * 162 +10 * 161 + 8 * 160 +7 * 16-1

=(2728.4375)10
Number Conversions:
Decimal-to-Decimal Conversion “proof”
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion Already studied:
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion * Base
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
(10,2,8,16)=(…)10
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion Integer ( / , R , )
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Point ( * , C , )
Binary-to-Octal Conversion
Octal-to- Binary Conversion 3 bits
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion 4 bits
Hexadecimal-to-Octal Conversion 4 bits to 3 bits
Octal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
3 bits to 4 bits
Note:
Any base-to-Decimal Conversion

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Decimal-To-Binary Conversion:
Example 1: Convert from (205.188)10 to binary.
Solution: Number Base Remainder

205 2 1
0.188 x 2 = 0.376 carry = 0 LSB 102 2 0

0.376 x 2 = 0.752 carry = 0 51 2 1

25 2 1
0.752 x 2 = 1.504 carry = 1 12 2 0

0.504 x 2 = 1.008 carry = 1 6 2 0

3 2 1
0.008 x 2 = 0.016 carry = 0 MSB 1 2 1
0

Answer = .00110 (for five significant digits)

(205.188)10=(11001101.00110 )2
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Decimal-to-Octal Conversion:
Example1: Express (150)10 in octal
Solution: (150)10 = (226)8
R
150÷8 = 18 6 (LSB)
18 ÷ 8 = 2 2
2÷8=0 2 (MSB)

Example2: Express (0.265)10 in octal

Solution: (0. 265)10 = (0.2075)8
C
0.265 × 8 = 2.12 2 (MSB)
0.12 × 8 = 0.96 0
0.96 × 8 = 7.68 7
0.68 × 8 = 5.44 5 (LSB)
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Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion:
Example1: Convert (650.98)10 to Hexadecimal.
Solution:
(650)10 = (28A. FAE)16 R C
650 ÷ 16 = 40 10=A 0.98 *16=15.68 15=F
40 ÷ 16 = 2 8 0.68 *16=10.88 10=A
2 ÷ 16 = 0 2 0.88 *16=14.08 14=E

Example2: Express (9910.887)10 in Hexadecimal.

Solution:
(9910)10 =(?)16 (Home Work)

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Binary-to-Octal Conversion:

Example1: Convert (1001101.010111)2 to

Octal.

Solution:
001 001 101 . 010 111
1 1 5 . 2 7
= (115.27)8

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Octal-to-Binary Conversion:
Example2: Convert (625.13)8 to Binary.

Solution:
6 2 5 . 1 3
110 010 101 . 001 011

= (110010101. 001011)2

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Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion:

Example1: Convert (10A4)16 to Binary.

Solution:
1 0 A 4
0001 0000 1010 0100
=(1000010100100)2

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Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion:

Ex: Convert (1011011.11)2 to

Hexadecimal.

Sol: 0101 1011 . 1100

5 B . C

=(5B.C)16
Octal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion:
Ex:
(77743.654)8 = (?)16
Sol:

( 7 7 7 4 3 . 6 5 4 )8

( 111 111 111 100 011 . 110 101 100 )2

( 0111 1111 1110 0011 . 110 1 0110 0000 )2

( 7 15=F 14=E 3 . 13=D 6 0 )16

= (7FE3.D60)16
Hexadecimal-to-Octal Conversion:

Ex:

(CED4.6F9A)16 = (?)8
Sol:

( C=12 E=14 D=13 4 . 6 F=15 9 A=10 ) 16

( 1100 1110 1101 0100 . 0110 1111 1001 1010 )2

( 001 100 111 011 010 100 . 011 011 111 001 101 000 )2

( 1 4 7 3 2 4 . 3 3 7 1 5 0 )8

= (147324.337150)8
Any base-to-Decimal Conversion:

N=(a4a3a2a1a0.a-1a-2)R
= a4*R4 + a3*R3 + a2*R2 + a1*R1 + a0*R0 + a-1*R-1 + a-2*R-2

LSB or LSD: Less Significant Bit or Digit

MSB or MSD: Most Significant Bit or Digit

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Numbers in All Different Bases:
(from 0 till 19)

Decimal Base=10 Binary Base=2 Octal Base=8 Hexadecimal Base=16

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 0,1 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

0 0000 0 0

1 0001 1 1
2 0010 2 2

3 0011 3 3
4 0100 4 4
5 0101 5 5
6 0110 6 6
7 0111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9

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Decimal Base=10 Binary Base=2 Octal Base=8 Hexadecimal Base=16
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 0,1 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

10 1010 12 A

11 01011 13 B

12 1100 14 C

13 1101 15 D

14 1110 16 E

15 1111 17 F

16 1 0000 20 10

17 1 0001 21 11

18 1 0010 22 12

19 1 0011 23 13

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Codes:
1.BCD Code:
It’scomposed of four bits representing the decimal digits
0 through 9.
For people used to dealing with the decimal system,
binary numbers are difficult to read.
For this reason , a more easily readable numeral
representation was introduced, i.e. the binary coded
decimal notation, the so-called BCD code (Binary Coded
Decimal).
With this BCD code, each individual digit of the decimal
number system is represented by a corresponding binary
number.
Each code has 4 binary bits
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BCD-Decim al
10000110
86

Decim al-BCD
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00110101
Decimal (Normal) Binary BCD
0 0000 0000

1 0001 0001

2 0010 0010

8 1000 1000

9 1001 1001

10 1010 0001 0000

11 1011 0001 0001

29 11101 0010 1001

30 11110 0011 0000

Electronic Encoder - Decimal to BCD:

Decimal input BCD output

0011
Decimal
to
3 BCD
Encoder

• Encoders are available in IC form.

• This encoder translates from decimal input to
BCD output.
• What is the useful of Decoder ? Home Work
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Example: Convert each of the following numbers to BCD ?
1. (18)10
2. (15.3)10
3. (1976.84)10

Solution: 1. (18)10  (0001 1000)BCD

2. (15.3)10 (0001 0101 . 0011)BCD
3. (1976.84)10  (0001 1001 0111 0110. 1000 0100)BCD

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2.Gray Code:

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 Binary To Gray
Down the first binary number and compare each one with the other. If
Same = 0 but Difference=1
Example: Convert the following binary numbers to Gray Code?
1. (1010110)2  ( ? )Gray Code
2. (1101101)2  ( ? )Gray Code

Solution: 1. ( 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 )2

( 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 ) G.C

2. ( 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 )2

( 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 ) G.C

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 Gray To Binary
Down the first binary number and compare each one with the above. If
Same = 0 but Difference=1
Example: Convert the following Gary Codes to binary?
1. (1 1 1 1 1 0 1) Gray Code  ( ? )2
2. (1 0 1 1 0 1 1) Gray Code  ( ? )2

Solution: 1. ( 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 )G.C 2. ( 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 ) G.C

( 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 )2 ( 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 )2

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38
ASCII:

◦ American Standard Code for Information

Interchange
◦ Has 128 characters and symbols represented in
7-bit binary code
◦ E.g. A = (65)10 =(1000001)2
a = (97)10 =(1100001)2

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ASCII Table:

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 ASCII example: 20 PRINT A=“X”;
Symbol or Char. Decimal No. Binary 7bits
2 50 011 0010
0 48 011 0000
Space 32 010 0000
P 80 101 0000
R 82 101 0010
I 73 100 1001
N 78 100 1110
T 84 101 0100
Space 32 010 0000
A 65 100 0001
= 61 011 1101
“ 34 010 0010
X 88 101 1000
“ 34 010 0010
; 59 011 1011

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Binary Arithmetic:

Binary addition
Binary subtraction
Binary multiplication
Binary division

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Binary Addition:
 The four basic rules for adding binary digits (bits) are as
follows:
◦ 0+0=0 Sum = 0, carry = 0
◦ 0 + 1 = 1 Sum = 1, carry = 0
◦ 1+0=1 Sum = 1, carry = 0
◦ 1 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1

 Addthe binary numbers 00111 and 10101 and show the

equivalent decimal addition
Carry 111
00111 = 7
10101 = 21 +
------------------------------
Sum 11100 = 28
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Binary Multiplication:
The binary multiplication table is simple.
A B Multiplication
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

Example:

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Example:

1101 = 13
1011 = 11 ˟
------------------------------ add
0001101
0011010 + 0100111
0000000
1101000+ 1101000 add
---------------------- ---------------------
10001111 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 143

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Binary Subtraction:
The rules for binary subtraction are:
◦ 0 - 0 = 0
◦ 1 - 1 = 0
◦ 1 - 0 = 1
◦ 0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1

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Ex1: Ex2:

111 1
111001 = 57 11101 = 29
1011 = 11 10011 = 19
--------------------------
------------------------------
101110 = 46 01010 = 10

Ex3: Ex4:

1111 1
10000 = 16 0101 = 5
11 = 3 11 = 3
------------------------------
------------------------------ 0010 = 2
0 1 1 0 1 = 13

Borrow
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Binary Division:
In the Binary division we have to familiar with
these terms:
1) Divisor (such as 11 & 101 in the last examples)
2) Dividend (such as 111011 & 10000111 in the last
examples)
3) Quotient (such as 10011 & 11011 in the last
examples)
4) Dividend bit (such as 1011 & 0111 in the last
examples)
5) Reminder (such as 10 & 000 in the last examples)

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Example:

11011 Quotient = 27

5 = Divisor 101 10000111 Dividend = 135

101 -
-----------------
0110
101 -
-----------------
00111
101 -
-----------------
0101
101 -
-------------------
000 Remainder = 0

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Example:

10011 Quotient = 19

3 = Divisor 11 111011 Dividend = 59

11 -
-----------------
00101
11 -
---------------------
000101
11 -
---------------------
000010 Remainder = 2

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Good luck …
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