Chapter IV

Three-Phase Circuits
Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Reading: Chapter 12,13

Textbook: Fundamental of Electric
Circuits Textbook

1
Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits
Chapter 12 

Three-Phase Circuit

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

display.

2
Three-Phase Circuits
Chapter 12

12.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?

12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection
12.4 Power in a Balanced System
12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems
12.6 Application – Residential Wiring

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 12.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?(1)
 It is a system produced by a generator consisting of three
sources having the same amplitude and frequency but out of
phase with each other by 120°.

Three sources
with 120° out
of phase
Four wired
system

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12.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?(2)

Advantages:

1. Most of the electric power is generated and distributed in

three-phase.
2. The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can
be constant.
3. The amount of power, the three-phase system is more
economical that the single-phase.
4. In fact, the amount of wire required for a three-phase
system is less than that required for an equivalent
single-phase system.

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12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (1)

 A three-phase generator consists of a rotating magnet

(rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding (stator).

A three-phase generator The generated voltages

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12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (2)

 Two possible configurations:

Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected ; (b) Δ-connected

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12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (3)

 Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and

are out of phase with each other by 120°.

 The phase sequence is the time order in which the

voltages pass through their respective maximum values.

 A balanced load is one in which the phase

impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase

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12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (4)

Example 1

Determine the phase sequence of the set of

voltages.

van  200 cos(t  10)

vbn  200 cos(t  230)
vcn  200 cos(t  110 )

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12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages (5)
Solution:
The voltages can be expressed in phasor form as

Van  20010 V
Vbn  200  230 V
Vcn  200  110  V

We notice that Van leads Vcn by 120° and Vcn in turn

leads Vbn by 120°.

Hence, we have an acb sequence.

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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (1)

 Four possible connections

1. Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a

Y-connected load)

2. Y-Δ connection (Y-connected source with a

Δ-connected load)

3. Δ-Δ connection

4. Δ-Y connection
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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (2)
•A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a
balanced y-connected source and a balanced y-connected
load.

VL  3V p , where
V p  Van  Vbn  Vcn
VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca

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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (3)

Example 2
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y
system shown below:

Ans
I a  6.81  21.8 A
Ib  6.81  141.8 A
I c  6.8198.2 A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 13

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (4)
•A balanced Y-Δ system is a three-phase system with a
balanced y-connected source and a balanced Δ-connected
load.

I L  3I p , where
I L  I a  Ib  I c
I p  I AB  I BC  ICA

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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (5)
Example 3
A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with
( Van  10010) is connected to a Δ-connected load (8+j4)
per phase. Calculate the phase and line currents.

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (5)
Example 3
A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with
( Van  10010) is connected to a Δ-connected load (8+j4)
per phase. Calculate the phase and line currents.

Solution

Using single-phase analysis,

Van 10010
Ia    33.54  16.57 A
Z  / 3 2.98126.57

Other line currents are obtained using the abc phase sequence

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*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (6)
•A balanced Δ-Δ system is a three-phase system with a
balanced Δ -connected source and a balanced Δ -connected
load.

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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (7)
Example 4
A balanced Δ-connected load having an impedance 20-j15  is
connected to a Δ-connected positive-sequence generator having
(Vab  3300 V). Calculate the phase currents of the load and
the line currents.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 18

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (7)
Example 4
A balanced Δ-connected load having an impedance 20-j15  is
connected to a Δ-connected positive-sequence generator having
( Vab  330
). Calculate the 0 V currents of the load and
phase
the line currents.

Ans:

The phase currents

I AB  13.236.87 A; I BC  13.2  81.13 A; I AB  13.2156.87 A

The line currents

I a  22.866.87 A; I b  22.86  113.13 A; I c  22.86126.87 A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 19

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (8)
•A balanced Δ-Y system is a three-phase system with a
balanced y-connected source and a balanced y-connected
load.

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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (9)

Example 5
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance 40+j25  is
supplied by a balanced, positive-sequence Δ-connected source
with a line voltage of 210V. Calculate the phase currents. Use Vab
as reference.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 21

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection (9)

Example 5
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance 40+j25  is
supplied by a balanced, positive-sequence Δ-connected source
with a line voltage of 210V. Calculate the phase currents. Use Vab
as reference.

Answer
I AN  2.57  62 A;
The phase currents I BN  2.57  178 A;
I CN  2.5758 A;

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 22

12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems (1)
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage
•

sources or an unbalanced load.

VAN V V
Ia  , I b  BN , I c  CN ,
ZA ZB ZC

I n  (I a  I b  I c )

To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system

•

requires that we find the power in each phase.

The total power is not simply three times the power in one phase
•

but the sum of the powers in the three phases. 23

12.4 Power in a Balanced System (1)
Comparing the power loss in (a) a single-phase system,
•

and (b) a three-phase system

PL2 PL2
P 'loss  2 R 2 , single - phase P'loss  R' 2 , three - phase
VL VL

If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase

•

system use only 75% of materials of a single-phase system

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12.3 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems (2)

Example 6
Determine the total average power, reactive power, and complex
power at the source and at the load

Ans
At the source:
Ss = -(2087 + j834.6) VA
Pa = -2087W
Pr = -834.6VAR

At the load:
SL = (1392 + j1113) VA
Pa = 1392W
*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook Pr = 1113VAR 31
12.6 Application – Residential Wiring (1)

A 120/240 household power system

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12.6 Application – Residential Wiring (2)

Single-phase three-wire residential wiring

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12.6 Application – Residential Wiring (3)

A typical wiring diagram of a room

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solution

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Final exam- semester 1-2020-2021

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solution

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solution

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Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Chapter 13 

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Magnetically Coupled Circuit Chapter
13

13.1 What is a transformer?

13.2 Mutual Inductance
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
13.4 Linear Transformers
13.5 Ideal Transformers
13.6 Applications

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 13.1 What is a transformer? (1)
 It is an electrical device designed on the basis of
the concept of magnetic coupling
 It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer

energy from one circuit to another

 It is the key circuit elements for stepping up or

stepping down ac voltages or currents,

impedance matching, isolation, etc.

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13.2 Mutual Inductance (1)
 It is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).

di1 di2
v2  M 21 v1  M 12
dt dt

The open-circuit mutual The open-circuit mutual

voltage across coil 2 voltage across coil 1
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13.2 Mutual Inductance (2)
 If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the
reference polarity of the mutual voltage in the second
coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the second coil.

Illustration of the dot convention.

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 13.2 Mutual Inductance (3)
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign indicates the polarity of
the mutual voltage; (a) series-aiding connection, (b) series-opposing
connection.

L  L1  L2  2M L  L1  L2  2M
(series - aiding connection) (Series-opposing connection)

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13.2 Mutual Inductance (4)

Time-domain analysis
of a circuit containing
coupled coils.

Frequency-domain
analysis of a circuit
containing coupled
coils

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 13.2 Mutual Inductance (5)
Example 1

Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit shown

below.

Ans: I1  13.01  49.39A; I 2  2.9114.04A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 59
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)
 The coupling coefficient, k, is a measure of the
magnetic coupling between two coils; 0≤k≤1.

M  k L1 L2

• The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is

given by

1 2 1 2
w  L1i1  L2i2  MI1 I 2
2 2
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 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (2)
Example 2
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling coefficient.
Calculate the energy stored in the coupled inductors at time t
= 1s if v=60cos(4t +30°) V.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook Ans: k=0.56; w(1)=20.73J

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 13.4 Linear Transformer (1)
 It is generally a four-terminal device comprising tow (or
more) magnetically coupled coils

V  2M 2
Zin   R1  jL1  Z R , Z R  is reflected impedance
I1 R2  jL2  Z L

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 13.4 Linear Transformer (2)
Example 3
In the circuit below, calculate the input impedance and
current I1. Take Z1=60-j100Ω, Z2=30+j40Ω, and
ZL=80+j60Ω.

Ans: Zin  100.14  53.1; I1  0.5113 .1A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 69
 13.5 Ideal Transformer (1)
 An ideal transformer is a unity-coupled, lossless transformer in which
the primary and secondary coils have infinite self-inductances.

V2 N 2 I 2 N1 1
 n  
V1 N1 I1 N 2 n

V2>V1→ step-up transformer

V2<V1→ step-down transformer
(a) Ideal Transformer
(b) Circuit symbol
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 13.5 Ideal Transformer (2)
Example 4

An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120V, 9.6 kVA, and has 50

turns on the secondary side.

Calculate:
(a) the turns ratio,
(b) the number of turns on the primary side, and
(c) the current ratings for the primary and secondary windings.

Ans:
(a) This is a step-down transformer, n=0.05
(b) N1 = 1000 turns
(c) I1 = 4A and I2 = 80A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 71

 13.6 Applications (1)
 Transformer as an Isolation Device to isolate ac supply
from a rectifier

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 13.6 Applications (2)
 Transformer as an Isolation Device to isolate dc between
two amplifier stages.

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 13.6 Applications (3)
 Transformer as a Matching Device

Using an ideal transformer to match the

speaker to the amplifier
Equivalent circuit

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 13.6 Applications (4)
Example 5

Calculate the turns ratio of an ideal transformer

required to match a 100Ω load to a source with
internal impedance of 2.5kΩ. Find the load
voltage when the source voltage is 30V.

Ans: n = 0.2; VL = 3V

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 75

 13.6 Applications (5)
 A typical power distribution system

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