Contents

 Chapter 8. Indeterminate Forms and Improper Integrals

 Chapter 11. Geometry in Space and Vectors

 Chapter 12. Derivatives for Functions of Two or More

Variables

 Chapter 13. Multiple Integrals

 Chapter 9. Infinite Series

 Chapter 8: Indeterminate Forms and
Improper Integrals
 Indeterminate Forms

limit of types 0/0,  / ,0  ,   ,0 ,  0 ,1

 Improper Integrals

Infinite limits of integration

 Part I: Indeterminate Forms
Recall the methods we learned for finding limits
 Substitution (polynomial, rational function where the denominator is not 0)
e.g. 4 x3  6 x  2
lim ( x  3 x  1), lim
x 3 x 1 x2  5
Factoring for 0/0 tpye
e.g. x2  x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x3 5
lim 2
 lim  lim 
x2 x 4 x  2 ( x  2)( x  2) x  2 x2 4
Rationaliztion
e.g.
x 1 ( x  1)( x  1) x 1 1
lim  lim  lim 
x 1 x  1 x 1 ( x  1)( x  1) x 1 ( x  1)( x  1) 2
 ∞/∞, dividing by the highest power of x that appears in denominator
e.g. x4 x / x2  4 / x2 0  0
lim 2  lim 2 2  0
x  x  1 x  x / x  1 / x 2 1 0
Indeterminate Forms of 0/0

Theorem A for forms of type 0/0

f ' ( x)
Suppose that lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)  0. If lim exists in either
xa xa xa g ' ( x)

finite or infinite sense, then

f ( x) f ' ( x)
lim  lim
xa g ( x) x  a g ' ( x)

sin x 1  cos x
Example 1. Show that lim  1 and lim  0.
x 0 x x0 x
sin x D sin x cos x
lim  lim x  lim 1
Solution. x 0 x x 0 Dx x x 0 1
1  cos x D (1  cos x) sin x
lim  lim x  lim  0.
x 0 x x  0 Dx x x  0 1
 x2  9
Example 2. Find lim 2 . (0/0
x 3 x  x  6
type)
Solution. x2  9 2x
lim 2  lim
x 3 x  x  6 x 3 2 x  1 (determinate form)
6

5
tan 2 x
Example 3. Find lim . (0/0
x 0 ln(1  x )
type)
Solution. tan 2 x 2 sec 2 2 x
lim  lim (determinate form)
x 0 ln(1  x ) x 0 1 /(1  x )

2
 2
1
 sin x  x
Example 4. Find lim 3
. (0/0
x 0 x type)
Solution. sin x  x cos x  1
lim 3
 lim (0/0
x 0 x x 0 3x 2
type)
 sin x
 lim (0/0
x 0 6x type)
 cos x
 lim (determinate form)
x 0 6
1

6
 1  cos x
Example 5. Find lim 2 . (0/0
x 0 x  3 x
type)
1  cos x sin x
Solution. lim 2  lim
x 0 x  3 x x 0 2 x  3

cos x 1
 lim  Wrong
x 0 2 2


sin x
lim
x 0 2 x  3
is determinate form
0
 0 Right
3

 We stop differentiation as soon as the numerator or

denominator has a nonzero limit.
 e x
Example 6. Find lim 1 . (0/0
x  x
type)

Solution.
e x
lim 1  lim
x  x
 e x
x   x  2
e x
 lim 3  ......
x  2 x 
e x x
A wise way is to rewrite 
x 1 e x

e x x
lim 1  lim x
x  x x  e (∞/∞ type)
Indeterminate Forms of ∞/∞

Theorem A for forms of type ∞/∞

f ' ( x)
Suppose that lim | f ( x) | lim | g ( x) | . If lim exists
xa x a xa g ' ( x)

in either finite or infinite sense, then

f ( x) f ' ( x)
lim  lim
xa g ( x) x  a g ' ( x)

x
Example 1. Find lim x
.
x  e

x Dx 1
Solution. lim x  lim x x  lim x  0
x  e x  D e x  e
x
 ln x
Example 2. Find lim .
x  x

ln x 1/ x
Solution. lim  lim 0
x  x x  1

x10000
Example 3. Find lim x .
x  e

x10000 10000 x 9999 10000  9999 x 9998 10000 !

Solution. lim x  lim x
 lim x
   lim x
0
x e x e x  e x  e

ln x
Example 4. Find lim a . (a  0)
x  x

ln x 1/ x 1
Solution. lim a  lim a 1  lim a  0
x  x x   ax x   ax
 Conclusion

For any positive number a  0

xa ln x
lim x  lim a  0
x  e x  x

The speed of approaching infinity

Logarithmic
Exponential
Function > Power
Function > Function
Indeterminate Forms of 0   (Change to 0/0 or
∞/∞)
Example 1. Find lim x 2 e x .
x 

2 x ex ex ex
Solution. lim x e  lim 2  lim  lim  
x  x  x x  2 x x  2

(Change to ∞/∞)
Example 2. Find lim (tan x  ln sin x).
x  / 2
1
 cos x
ln sin x
Solution. lim (tan x  ln sin x)  lim  lim sin x 2
x  / 2 x  / 2 cot x x  / 2  csc x
 lim ( sin x  cos x)  0
x  / 2

(Change to 0/0)
Indeterminate Forms of    (Change to 0/0)

Example . Find lim (sec x  tan x).

x  / 2

Solution.

 1 sin x   1  sin x 
lim (sec x  tan x)  lim     lim  
x  / 2 cos x cos x 
x  / 2
 x  / 2
 cos x 

  cos x  cos( / 2)
 lim   0
x  / 2  sin x
  sin( / 2)
  0 
Indeterminate Forms of 0 ,  ,1

(Taking natural logarithm, then apply L’Hopital’s Rule)

Example . Find lim x x .

x 0

Solution. Taking logartithm , we get ln x x  x ln x.

x ln x
lim ln x  lim x ln x  lim
x 0 x0 x 0 1 / x

1/ x
 lim 2
  lim x  0.
x0  1 / x x 0

So
lim x x  lim e x ln x  e 0  1.
x 0 x 0
 Homework

Page 427: 1,3,5,8,10,18

Page 432: 1,2,36
 Part II: Improper Integrals

 Infinite Limits of Integration

b

a
f ( x)dx is definite integral if a and b are finite.

 What is the meaning if a or b is ∞ or -∞?

 1 1 

2


 x2
dx
E.g. 0 1 x 2 

xe dx 
x 2 e  x dx

These integrals are called improper integrals with

infinite limits.
One infinite limit

Definition
b b

f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
a   a

 b
a
f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
b  a

If the limits on the right exist and have finite values, then we
say that the corresponding improper integral converge and
have those values. Otherwise, the integrals are said to diverge.
 1
 x2
Example 1. if possible,  xe
Find， dx.


1 1
Solution.  x2  x2

xe dx  lim
a   a xe dx.

1
1 2  1  x2  1 a2
a
xe  x dx   e   (e  e 1 )
 2 a 2

1
 x2 1 a 2 1

1
lim xe dx  lim (e  e )  
a   a a   2 2e
1
 x2 1
So  
xe dx  
2e

We say the integral converges and has value -1/2e.

 
Example 2. if possible,  sin xdx.
Find，
0

 b
Solution.
0
sin xdx  lim  sin xdx.
b  0

b

0
sin xdx  [ cos x]b0  cos 0  cos b  1  cos b

lim cos b doesn' t exist

b 

So, the given integral diverges.

Both limits infinite

Definition
0  
If both f ( x)dx and 0 f ( x)dx converge, then  f ( x)dx is
said to converge and have value
 0 
 
f ( x )dx  

f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
0

Otherwise, 

f ( x)dx diverges.
  1
Example 4. Evaluate  dx or state that it diverges.
 1  x 2

Solution. 
0
 1
1 x2
dx  lim
b 1
b  0 1  x 2
dx  lim
b 

tan 1
x
b
0
1  1
 lim (tan b  tan 0) 
b  2
Since the integrand is even function ，
0 1  1 
 1  x 2 dx  0 1  x 2 dx  2
 1
So  1  x 2 dx  
Some useful conclusions:
1 
 x2 / 2 1 
2 x2 / 2
(a)
2 

xe dx  0. (b)
2 
xe dx  1.

 if p  1 (diverge)
 
1
p
1 / x dx   1
 p 1 if p  1 (converge)


 if p  1 (diverge)
1 
0
p
1 / x dx   1
1  p if p  1 (converge)

 Homework

Page 441: 3,5,13,14