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Lecture 03

Transient recovery voltage (TRV) is a high frequency transient voltage that appears across circuit contacts when an arc is extinguished during fault clearing. It can cause the arc to re-ignite. TRV is affected by line parameters like inductance and capacitance as well as the natural frequency and power factor. With increasing natural frequency or decreasing power factor, the rate of rise of TRV increases, posing greater dielectric stress. The rate of rise of TRV is expressed mathematically based on circuit parameters. Example problems are provided to calculate the TRV frequency, expression, maximum rate of rise, and recovery voltage for different generator and fault conditions.

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66 views

Lecture 03

Transient recovery voltage (TRV) is a high frequency transient voltage that appears across circuit contacts when an arc is extinguished during fault clearing. It can cause the arc to re-ignite. TRV is affected by line parameters like inductance and capacitance as well as the natural frequency and power factor. With increasing natural frequency or decreasing power factor, the rate of rise of TRV increases, posing greater dielectric stress. The rate of rise of TRV is expressed mathematically based on circuit parameters. Example problems are provided to calculate the TRV frequency, expression, maximum rate of rise, and recovery voltage for different generator and fault conditions.

Uploaded by

MASUD RAIHAN LEEON
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EEE4227: POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION
TERM: MID-TERM
Lecture 03
Transient recovery voltage(TRV) and
Rate of rise of recovery
voltage(RRRV)
Transient recovery voltage, TRV
Scenario of 3-phase short circuit at the terminal of a synchronous generator

A 3 phase short circuit is applied on an unloaded


alternator at the instant when the voltage of
phase B with respect to neutral is zero. In such
case the short circuit current in phase B will have
the maximum dc component and the wave-form
of 𝐼𝑏 will be maximum unsymmetrical with
respect to normal zero axis as shown in the figure
Transient recovery voltage, TRV
Transient recovery voltage, TRV
Important terms
 Transient recovery voltage/Restriking voltage/TRV
 When the arc gets extinguished at fault current zero, a high frequency
transient voltage appears across the contact. This transient vanishes within a
very short time in the order of less than 0.001 sec. This high frequency
transient voltage tries to re-strike the arc. This is called Restriking voltage or
transient recovery voltage or TRV.
 Prospective current
 The current that would flow in the circuit if the CB were replaced by solid
conductor is called Prospective Current.
 Recovery voltage
 The power frequency system voltage appearing between the poles after arc
extinction is called Recovery Voltage.
Important terms
 Reignition
 Due to switching a capacitive current, a high voltage appearing across the
contact can cause reignition of the arc after its final extinction. If the space
breaks down within a period of 1/4 of a cycle from initial arc extinction, the
phenomenon is called Reignition.
 Restrike
 If the break down occurs after 1/4 of a cycle of the initial arc extinction, the
phenomenon is called Restrike.
Factors affecting TRV
TRV

Oscillating Power
transient frequency

Summary
Due to presence Due to system Factors affecting TRV are-
of L & C in the voltage  Line parameters L & C
circuit  Natural frequency
 Power factor
Effect of natural frequency on TRV

With the increase in the natural frequency,


the rate of rise of TRV at current zero
increase. The rate of rise of TRV across the CB
pole causes voltage stress on the contact gap
tending to continue the arc . With higher
frequency, relatively less time is available for
the building up of dielectric strength of the
contact gap. Hence higher frequency is
associated with greater stress.

•Natural Frequency ↑
Breaking capability ↓
So, dielectric stress has to be increased
Effect of power factor on TRV
Severe transient,
No TRV High rate of rise of
TRV

Case 01: Unity power factor

Case 02: Low or zero power factor


Effect of power factor on TRV
 The voltage appearing across the CB pole at the instant of current zero is influenced by the
power factor of the current.
 The instantaneous value of the voltage developed across the pole at the instant of current
zero (when the arc is extinguished) depends on the phase angle between the voltage and
current i.e. power factor.
 For Unity power factor load, both current and voltage are in phase and both are zero at the
instant of current zero, hence no TRV is generated.
 For zero power factor the peak value of the voltage (𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥) is impressed across the pole at the
instant of current zero. Such sudden application of voltage give rise to severe transient and
has a high ate of rise of TRV.
 Hence interrupting current of low power factor is a difficult switching duty.
RRRV
 Rate of rise of Restriking voltage or TRV is usually abbreviated by R.R.R.V and is expressed in
volt/μsec.
 Rate of rise of TRV and natural frequency of the TRV are closely associated. R.R.R.V. depends
on the system parameters.
 The CB should be capable of interrupting its rated breaking current under the specific
condition of TRV.
 The following characteristics of TRV are significant:
 Peak value of TRV
 Time to reach the peak, hence the rate of rise
 Frequency of TRV
 Initial rate of rise
Expression of TRV and RRRV
Expression of TRV and RRRV
Expression of TRV and RRRV
Expression of TRV and RRRV
Mathematical problem
Problem 01-

A 50 Hz 3ф alternator with grounded neutral has inductance of 1.6 mH per phase and is
connected to bus bar through a CB. The capacitance to earth between the alternator and the
CB is 0.003µF per phase. The CB opens when r.m.s value of the current is 7500A.

Determine:
a) Frequency of oscillation
b) The expression of T.R.V
c) Maximum R.R.R.V.
d) Time for maximum R.R.R.V.
e) Maximum voltage across the contents of the CB after the instant when the arc
extinction takes place.
f) Average rate of rise of voltage up to the first peak of the oscillation.
Mathematical problem
Solution:
Mathematical problem
Mathematical problem
Problem 02-
A 50 Hz, 66kV, 3ф generator has an earthed neutral. The inductance & capacitance per phase of
the system are 7.5mH and 0.015µF respectively. In a short circuit test the p.f. of the fault current
was 0.25 and the fault current was symmetrical and the recovery voltage was observed as 90% of
the full line voltage. Calculate the rate of rise of restriking voltage (phase to neutral value).
Assume that fault is isolated from the ground.
Mathematical problem
Solution:
Mathematical problem
• Reference-
• Topic 3.7,3.10/ Chapter 03/ Switchgear
protection and power systems/Sunil S. Rao

American International University-Bangladesh(AIUB)


Dept-EEE/Faculty of Engineering

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