Introduction

The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest to

scholars of global politics because it is viewed as “The Institution
that creates warfare and sets economic policies for a country.”

Today, the globalization of politics created an atmosphere where

the ideas of the nation-state, state sovereignty, government control,
and state policies are challenged from all sides.

With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease in the

power of the state and that other actors are actually becoming more
powerful. These actors include multinational corporations and global
civil society organizations, like the Red Cross, that cross national
boundaries.
 Is the idea of the nation-state outdated in the contemporary
world? If so, what is it that we need to think about as
“replacements”?

 Regional alliances and worldwide organizations of states.

 International and regional economic bond bodies.

 The traditional nation-state and the idea of national autonomy

comes from the non-state actors.

 Multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations

 GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE IN THE
TWENTY-FIRST
CENTURY
 There is a series of specific factors behind the emergence of
global governance.

 The declining power of nation-states.

 The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right
through the borders of nation-states.

 Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into

various of nation-states.

 Horrendous events within nation-states that the states themselves

either foment and carry out, or are unable to control (Nordstrom,
2004).
 There are global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to
tackle on their own. One is the global financial crises and panic that
sweep the world periodically, which nations are often unable to deal
with on their own (Strange,1996).

Nation-states have long struggled to deal with problems like

these through various interstate systems (e.g., alliances such as
NATO), but the more recent trend is toward the development of
more truly global structures and methods of dealing with various
sorts of issues and problems.
 EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION TO
GOVERNMENTS
 The decisions, the conflict, and the resolution of that conflict are
done through the institutions of government established and codified
in that particular state, whether or not through elections. In addition,
the policy is developed and implemented in the interest of the people
of a state by a specific government.

There have been several challenges to the government and

ultimately, to state autonomy. We can divide these challenges into
four: traditional challenges, challenges from national or identity
movements, global economics, and global social movements.
TRADITIONAL
CHALLENGES
 External intervention can generally be described as invasion by
other countries. These days, we can see external intervention in
the other forms.

 Internal political challenges can also happen.

 Regional organizations challenging state autonomy.

CHALLENGES
FROM
NATIONAL/
IDENTITY
MOVEMENTS
 It is important to know that a nation has cultural identity that
people attached to, while a state is a definite entity due to its specific
boundaries. However, different people with different identities can
live in different states.

Global movements, such as the Al-Qaeda and ISIS, are another

example of national or identity movements. In this case, they are
structured around the fundamentalist version of Islam.
 Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules
of free-market capitalism. Government austerity comes from
developments of organizations that cooperate across countries,
such as WTO and regional agreements, such as NAFTA, the
European Union (EU), and the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations(ASEAN).
Neoliberal Economics or Neoliberal Capitalism

 Started in the 1980s

 It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers.

 Requires a state to cooperate in the global market through the

free flow of capital, the privatization of services, and fiscal
austerity or constraint.

 Seen as threat, in general, because a state cannot protect its own

economic interest as a sovereign state.
GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Global social movements are movements of the people that

leads or that emerge the global organizations. For example in
human rights is part of global social movements were the person
sentenced to give a death penalty in the country where he/she
commits but some of the country are against to this death penalty
there will be a challenge before the country decides what will be
the decisions of the court were the other country are in the justice
of human rights.
Another example of global social movements is environmental
movement were social movements emerging in local areas fight
back as a response to the controlling efforts by the apparatus of
government to protect the interest of neoliberal capitalists.
THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AND GLOBALIZATION

The state is a distinctive political community with its own set

of rules and practices. State has a four elements were people,
territory, government and sovereignty. These four elements
maintaining the good state of the community and if one of these
elements are not belong the state will be effectively safe, good
governance and good states.
 Institutions That Govern International Relations

There are several international organizations that governments of

countries around the world and individuals participate in. These
include the United Nations, the International Court of Justice,
NAFTA, and NATO. There are also non-governmental organizations
promoting social and economic growth.
PEACE TREATIES
AND MILITARY
ALLIANCES: THE
UN AND NATO
 United Nations was coined by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt
in 1942 after the Second World War.

 Operation began on October 24, 1945.

 It started with 50 representatives from different countries

It has a function in 4 Areas

• Military Issues

• Economic Issues

• Environmental issues

• Human protection
 Peace and security becomes the central mission of the UN after
the war up to this day.

The UN has a security council that decides what to do if two or

more countries waging war or an act of fighting.

Security has 5 permanent member U.S., Britain, Russia, China,

and France. And 10 additional member for two years term.
 UNICEF or the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund.
 It is responsible for providing humanitarian and development aid
to children around the word.
 It was established in 1946

 In 1950 UNICEF’s mandate was extended the long term needs of

children and women in developing countries.
 In 1953 it became a permanent part of the U.N. systems.
 In the terms of economic issues the main focus of UN is the
reduction of Global inequality through sustainable development.
Goals and millennium development goals.
 UNEP – United Environment Programme
 A programme that coordinates the organizations environmental
activities and assists developing country in implementing
environmentally sound policies and practices

 UNEP’s activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the

atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental
governance and green economy.
 ICJ (International Court of Justice)
 It is usually referred to as “World Court”

 This is where countries can settle disputes in a court law, as well

as a place where war criminals and rulers who have done terrible
things to their people can be put to trial for their crimes.

UN promotes and protects human rights.

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
 Department of the secretariat of the United Nations that works to
promote and protect the human rights that guaranteed.
 Purpose

The objectives of OHCHR are to:

1. Promote universal enjoyment of all human rights by giving

practical effect to the will and resolve of the world community as
expressed by the United Nation.
2. Play the leading role on human rights issues and emphasize the
importance of human rights at the international and national levels.
3. Promote international cooperation for human rights.

4. Stimulate and coordinate action for human rights throughout the

United Nations system.
5. Promote universal ratification and implementation of international
standards.
6. Assist in the development of new norms.

7. Support human rights organs and treaty monitoring bodies.

8. Respond to serious violations of human rights .
9. Undertake preventive human rights action.

10. Promote the establishment of national human rights

infrastructures.
 Under the international law and stipulated in the Universal
Declaration of human rights of 1948
UN Development Groups Human Rights Mainstreaming
Mechanism (UNDG-HRM)
 Was established in 2009

 This aims to bolster system wide coherence, collaboration and

support to resident coordinates and United Nations country leans,
so that they can better provide support to member states to
strengthen national capacity for the promotion and protection of
human rights.
 NATO or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

 an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North America

and European Countries

 NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its

independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to
an attack by any external party.
NON- GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
 Organizations that are independent of any government, they are
usually non-profit and many NGO’s are active in humanitarian or
social areas or one of the major example of NGO is the Red Cross
(Red Crescent in Muslim countries)
Since they are not tied to any government bodies. They can allow
to operate freely throughout the world.

They provide emergency relief such as food, water and medical

supplies for those whose have or towns have been destroyed by
disaster or war.
 GLOBAL
ECONOMIC
ASSOCIATIONS:
THE WTO AND
NAFTA
 World Trade Organization (WTO)

• An intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the

regulation of international trade between nations.

• The WTO deals with the regulations of trade in goods, services

and intellectual property between participating countries by
providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a
dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants
adherence to WTO agreements.
 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

 An agreement among the United Nations, Canada and Mexico

designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries

 A tariff is a federal tax on imports or exports. NAFTA required the

elimination of tariffs on half of U.S. goods shipped to Mexico and
the gradual phase out of other tariffs among the U.S., Canada and
Mexico over a 14 years period.
GLOBALIZATION
AND
GLOBALISM
Globalization
• Increase or decline in the degree of globalism

• The word used to describe the growing interdependence of the

world’s economics, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross
border trades in goods and services, technology, and flows of
investment, people and information.

• The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically

changed as of major technological advances globalization benefits
society as a whole, while harming certain group.
Globalism

• seeks to describe and explains nothing more than a world which is

characterized by networks of connections that spans multi
continental distances.

• It attempts to understands all the interconnection of modern world

and to highlight patterns that underline and explain them.
Informationalism
Refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the
previous paradigm of industrialism (Castells, 1996)

Global Citizenship
It is associated with rights and obligations e.g. The right to vote and
the obligation to pay taxes
Caecilla Johana Van Perski defined global citizenship “ as a moral
and ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals or
groups of local and global contexts and remind them to their relative
responsibilities within various communities.