Chapter 1

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

INTRODUCTION

KENNEDY.
In this modern world we are surrounded by all kinds of signals in various
forms. Some of the signals are natural, but most of the signals are
manmade.

Some signals are necessary (speech), while many are unwanted or

unnecessary in a given situation. In an engineering context, signals are
carriers of information, both useful and unwanted. Therefore extracting or
enhancing the useful information from a mix of conflicting information is
a simplest form of signal processing.

More generally, signal processing is an operation designed for extracting,

enhancing, storing, and transmitting useful signals.
Generate CT and DT signals using MATLAB
t=0:0.01:10;
n=-10:10;
x=(0.9).^t;
y=(0.9).^n;
subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,x);
grid
subplot(2,1,2);stem(n,y);
grid
axis([-10,10,-10,10])
HOW ARE SIGNALS PROCESSED?

The signals that we encounter in practice are mostly analog signals.

These signals, which vary continuously in time and amplitude, are
processed using electrical networks containing active and passive circuit
elements. This approach is known as analog signal processing
(ASP)-for example, radio and television receivers.

They can also be processed using digital hardware containing adders,

multipliers, and logic elements or using special-purpose
microprocessors. However, one needs to convert analog signals into a
form suitable for digital hardware. This form of the signal is called a
digital signal. It takes one of the finite number of values at specific
instances in time, and hence it can be represented by binary
numbers, or bits. The processing of digital signals is called DSP; in block
diagram form it is represented by
PrF: This is a pre filter or an antialiasing filter, which conditions the
analog signal to prevent aliasing.
ADC: This is called an analog-to-digital converter, which produces a
stream of binary numbers from analog signals.
Digital signal processor: This is the heart of DSP and can represent a
general-purpose computer or a special-purpose processor, or digital hardware,
and so on.
DAC: This is the inverse operation to the ADC, called a digital-to-
analog converter, which produces a staircase waveform from a sequence of
binary numbers, a first step towards producing an analog signal.
PoF: This is a post filter to smooth out staircase waveform into the
desired analog signal
DSP system performs the following operations:
• Accepts an analog signal as an input.
• Converts this analog signal to numbers.
• Performs computations using the numbers.
• Converts the results of the computations back into an analog signal.
ADVANTAGES OF DSP OVER ASP
A major drawback of ASP is lack of flexibility in processing and complexity
in system designs. All of these generally lead to expensive products. On
the other hand, using a DSP approach, it is possible to convert an
inexpensive personal computer into a powerful signal processor. Some
important advantages of DSP are these:
1. Systems using the DSP approach can be developed using software
running on a general-purpose computer. Therefore DSP is relatively
convenient to develop and test, and the software is portable.

2. DSP operations are based solely on additions and multiplications,

leading to extremely stable processing capability-for example,
stability independent of temperature.

3. DSP operations can easily be modified in real time, often by simple

programming changes, or by reloading of registers.

4. DSP has lower cost due to VLSI technology, which reduces costs of
memories, gates, microprocessors, and so forth.
 Accuracy: The analog circuits are prone to temperature and external
effects, but the digital filters have no such problems.

 Flexibility: Reconfiguration of analog filters is very complex whereas

the digital filters can be reconfigured easily by changing the program
coefficients.
 Digital signals can be easily stored on any magnetic media or optical
media are using semiconductor chips.

 Easy operation: Even complex mathematical operations can be

performed easily using computers, which is not the case with analog
processing.

 Multiplexing: Digital signal processing provides the way for

Integrated service digital network (ISDN) where digitized signals can
be multiplexed with other digital data and transmitted through the
same channel.
4-bit analogue to digital converter circuit
Digital to Analog Converter using Binary-Weighted Resistors
Most DSP operations can be categorized as being either signal analysis
tasks or signal filtering tasks as shown below.

Signal analysis :This task deals with the measurement of

signal properties. It is generally a frequency-domain operation. Some
of its applications are
spectrum (frequency and/or phase) analysis
speech recognition
speaker verification
target detection

Signal filtering :This task is characterized by the “signal in-

signal out” situation. The systems that perform this task are generally
called filters.
It is usually (but not always) a time domain operation. Some of the
applications are
removal of unwanted background noise
removal of interference
separation of frequency bands
shaping of the signal spectrum
Applications of DSP
Digital Signal Processing is one of the most powerful technologies that
will shape science and engineering in the twenty-first century.
Revolutionary changes have already been made in a broad range of
fields: communications, medical imaging, radar & sonar, high fidelity
music reproduction, and oil prospecting, to name just a few
 Digital filtering
 Telecommunication
 Spectral analysis
 Speech processing
 Image processing
 Radar and sonar processing
 Disk and robot control
 Consumer electronics
 Biomedical engineering
 Military applications
General purpose More optimized DSP processors
processors

Bus

OR

Early DSP processors

Simple architecture of DSP processor
 Various DSP Processors
Texas DSP Processors

16-bit Fixed point arithmetic processors

 TMS320C1X
 TMS320C2X
 TMS320C5X
 TMS320C8X

32-bit floating point arithmetic processors

 TMS320C3X
 TMS320C4X
Introduction MATLAB
MATLAB is an interactive, matrix-based system for scientific and
engineering numeric computation and visualization

MATLAB used for three purposes:

1. Mathematical computation
2. Engineering systems analysis
3. Simulation

MATLAB has three windows:

1. command window
2. Editor window
3. Figure window
It is also powerful in the sense that by using its relatively simple
programming capability, MATLAB can be easily extended to create
new commands and functions and it has very large number of built-in
function which makes programming in MALAB easier.
Chapter 1: Practical

1.1 Sample and hold circuit

1.2 Analog to digital convertor
1.3 Digital to analog convertor
1.4 Introduction to MATLAB
 Reference books
1. Oppenheim, A.V. and Schefar, Digital signal processing, PHI
2. Oppenheim, Applications of digital signal processing, PHI
3. Rabir and Gold, Theory of digital signal processing, PHI
4. Proakis and Manolakis, Digital signal processing, Pearson
publishers
5. Antoniou, A. Digital filters analysis, design applications,
McGraw Hill
6. Johnson, J.R. Introduction to digital signal processing , PHI
7. Vanvalkenburg.M.V. Analog filter design, Sanders publishers
8. Vinay K. Ingle, Proakis, Digital signal processing using
MATLAB, Bookware series
9. Sajeeth K. Mithra, Digital signal processing, TMH
10. V.K. Khanna, Digital signal processing,
telecommunication, multimedia technology,
Wheeler publishers
11. P. Rameshbabu, Digital signal processing,
Scitech publishers.
12. Salivana, Digital signal processing, TMH

13. Ifeachor and Jervis, Digital signal

processing-a practical approach, Addison
Wesley publishers
14. Sarkar N. Elements of digital signal
processing, Kanna publishers
15. Defetta D.J. Digital signal processing, John
Wieley publishers
16. Lyons R.G. Understanding digital signal
processing,Addition Wesley
 Web References
 www.ti.com
 www.analog.com
 www.dspguru.com
 www.mathworks.com
 www.dsptutor.freeuk.com
 www.dspguide.com
 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsp (On line
journal)
 dsp.rice.edu (rice university)
 www.youtube.com (lecture on DSP)