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Digitalisasi Citra

The document discusses the fundamentals of image formation, including how images are represented digitally in computers. It covers topics like the image formation process, camera optics, image digitization through sampling and quantization, common image file formats like JPEG and TIFF, and the PGM grayscale image format.

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59 views28 pages

Digitalisasi Citra

The document discusses the fundamentals of image formation, including how images are represented digitally in computers. It covers topics like the image formation process, camera optics, image digitization through sampling and quantization, common image file formats like JPEG and TIFF, and the PGM grayscale image format.

Uploaded by

ritawidiarti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Formation Fundamentals

CS491E/791E
How are images represented
in the computer?
Color images
Image formation

• There are two parts to the image formation process:

– The geometry of image formation, which determines where


in the image plane the projection of a point in the scene will
be located.

– The physics of light, which determines the brightness of a


point in the image plane as a function of illumination and
surface properties.
A Simple model of image formation
• The scene is illuminated by a single source.
• The scene reflects radiation towards the camera.
• The camera senses it via chemicals on film.
Pinhole camera
• This is the simplest device to form an image of a 3D scene
on a 2D surface.
• Straight rays of light pass through a “pinhole” and form an
inverted image of the object on the image plane.

fX
x
Z

fY
y
Z
Camera optics
• In practice, the aperture must be larger to admit more light.
• Lenses are placed to in the aperture to focus the bundle of rays
from each scene point onto the corresponding point in the image
plane
Image formation (cont’d)
• Optical parameters of the lens
– lens type
– focal length
– field of view
• Photometric parameters
– type, intensity, and direction of illumination
– reflectance properties of the viewed surfaces
• Geometric parameters
– type of projections
– position and orientation of camera in space
– perspective distortions introduced by the imaging process
Image distortion
What is light?

• The visible portion of the electromagnetic (EM)


spectrum.
• It occurs between wavelengths of approximately 400 and
700 nanometers.
Short wavelengths
• Different wavelengths of radiation have different
properties.
• The x-ray region of the spectrum, it carries sufficient
energy to penetrate a significant volume or material.
Long wavelengths
• Copious quantities of infrared (IR) radiation are emitted
from warm objects (e.g., locate people in total darkness).
Long wavelengths (cont’d)
• “Synthetic aperture radar” (SAR) imaging techniques
use an artificially generated source of microwaves to probe
a scene.
• SAR is unaffected by weather conditions and clouds (e.g.,
has provided us images of the surface of Venus).
Range images

• An array of distances to the objects in the scene.


• They can be produced by sonar or by using laser
rangefinders.
Sonic images

• Produced by the reflection of sound waves off an object.


• High sound frequencies are used to improve resolution.
CCD (Charged-Coupled Device) cameras
• Tiny solid state cells convert light energy into electrical
charge.
• The image plane acts as a digital memory that can be read
row by row by a computer.
Frame grabber
• Usually, a CCD camera plugs into a computer board
(frame grabber).
• The frame grabber digitizes the signal and stores it in its
memory (frame buffer).
Image digitization

• Sampling means measuring the value of an image at a finite number of points.


• Quantization is the representation of the measured value at the sampled point
by an integer.
Image digitization (cont’d)
Image quantization(example)
• 256 gray levels (8bits/pixel) 32 gray levels (5 bits/pixel) 16 gray levels (4 bits/pixel)

• 8 gray levels (3 bits/pixel) 4 gray levels (2 bits/pixel) 2 gray levels (1 bit/pixel)


Image sampling (example)
original image sampled by a factor of 2

sampled by a factor of 4 sampled by a factor of 8


Digital image
• An image is represented by a rectangular array of integers.
• An integer represents the brightness or darkness of the image at
that point.
• N: # of rows, M: # of columns, Q: # of gray levels
– N= ,M= ,Q= (q is
q the # of bits/pixel)
2n 2m 2
– Storage requirements: NxMxQ (e.g., N=M=1024, q=8, 1MB)

f (0,0) f (0,1) ... f (0, M  1)


f (1,0) f (1,1) ... f (1, M  1)
... ... ... ...
f ( N  1,0) f ( N  1,1) ... f ( N  1, M  1)
Image file formats
• Many image formats adhere to the simple model shown below
(line by line, no breaks between lines).
• The header contains at least the width and height of the image.
• Most headers begin with a signature or “magic number” - a
short sequence of bytes for identifying the file format.
Common image file formats
• GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) -
• PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
• PGM (Portable Gray Map)
• FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)
Comparison of image formats
PGM format
• A popular format for grayscale images (8 bits/pixel)
• Closely-related formats are:
– PBM (Portable Bitmap), for binary images (1 bit/pixel)
– PPM (Portable Pixelmap), for color images (24 bits/pixel)

• ASCII or binary (raw)


storage
ASCII vs Raw format
• ASCII format has the following advantages:
– Pixel values can be examined or modified very easily using a standard text editor.
– Files in raw format cannot be modified in this way since they contain many unprintable
characters.
• Raw format has the following advantages:
– It is much more compact compared to the ASCII format.
– Pixel values are coded using only a single character !
Reading/Writing PGM images

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