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Determining Truth

Philosophers grapple with the concept of truth, which remains controversial. There is no absolute measure of truth, but philosophers have proposed various theories to understand it, including: correspondence theory which sees truth as corresponding to reality; coherence theory which sees truth as making contextual sense; and constructivist theory which sees truth as shaped by social and cultural forces. When determining truth, one should consider arguments and potential fallacies, distinguish facts from opinions and be aware of biases.

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Junbert Harold De Guzman
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104 views

Determining Truth

Philosophers grapple with the concept of truth, which remains controversial. There is no absolute measure of truth, but philosophers have proposed various theories to understand it, including: correspondence theory which sees truth as corresponding to reality; coherence theory which sees truth as making contextual sense; and constructivist theory which sees truth as shaped by social and cultural forces. When determining truth, one should consider arguments and potential fallacies, distinguish facts from opinions and be aware of biases.

Uploaded by

Junbert Harold De Guzman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Determining

TRUTH
by GROUP 1
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H o w do e ?
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• Philosophers often grapple with the concept of truth. Truth lies
at the heart of any inquiry. Knowledge must be truthful to gain
validity and acceptance. But the concept of truth remains a
controversial and much-discussed topic among philosophers.

• What is true, or even a definition of truth, is a tricky concept in


Philosophy. Philosophers agree that there is no absolute
measure of truth. There are, however, various views which can
help us tackle the concepts of knowing and truth, and arrive at a
reasonable assessment if a statement, idea, or event is
believable.
• The first concept about truth is rooted in an ancient Greek
philosophy's concept knowledge as "justified, true belief."
This concept states that something is true because y believe it
to be true, and that there is justification for such belief. A
belief may be justified using one's perception and senses by
appealing to authority or using reasoning.
Correspondence
Theory
• The correspondence theory states that
something is true if it corresponds to reality or
the actual state of affairs.

• Assumes a direct relationship between an idea


and reality and that a statement can be taken
as "fact."
•
Coherence Theory
The coherence theory proposes that something is true if it makes
sense when placed in a certain situation or context.

• Based on this perspective, there is a possibility that there will be


varied "truths" from different perspectives.

• An idea or statement is true because it makes sense in its own


context, and that it has a certain degree of consistency which
renders it truthful.
Relativism
• A philosophical concept which contends that there are no absolute
truths.

• An idea or principle is only true within a particular context, and


thus it is possible for alternative truths to exist in various contexts
or situations.
Constructivist Theory
• The constructivist theory holds that knowledge is shaped by social
forces and influenced by culture and history.

• What is true, or what a person considers true, is shaped by his


society and culture.
•
Consensus Theory
Views knowledge as based on agreement, and that something is
true if almost everyone agrees that it is true.

• Certain beliefs, traditions, and practices are often the product of


consensus as they may be imposed by influential groups or
institutions such as governments or religious organizations.
•
Pragmatic Theory
Holds the view that something is true if we can put it into practice
or is useful in real life.

• Ideas should be continually tested to confirm their validity.

• Verificationism, considers that ideas must be verified using the


senses or experience.
th e r th i ng s sh o uld w e
W h a t o g t he
o n s id e r in d e te r m i nin
c
truth?
Arguments
Ideas and claims are often presented in the form
of arguments, and these arguments are phrased in
such a way that they seem reasonable.

Fallacies
A number of arguments may be based on faulty
reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called
fallacies. Some of these fallacies may be
intentional, as the person making the claim is
desperate to convince you to accept his or her
argument.
Examples of Fallacies
 ad hominem  cause-and-effect
 appeal to force  fallacy of composition
 appeal to emotion  fallacy of division
 appeal to the popular
 appeal to tradition
 begging the question
Facts
Facts are generally established truths, easily verified,
and do not easily change from one situation to
another.
Opinions
Opinions, on the other hand, are more subjective and
may express certain views and beliefs.
Bias
When looking at opinions, be aware of bias or
the personal views of the person presenting it.
Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning,
but refer to tendencies or influences which affect
the views of people.
Examples of Biases
 correspondence bias or attribution effect
 confirmation bias
 framing
 hindsight
 conflict of interest
 cultural bias
Thank You
for listening!

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