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03-Lecture-Semiconductor Devices

The document discusses semiconductor materials and devices. It defines semiconductors as materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators. Examples include silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenic. Semiconductors can be doped to precisely control conductivity. There are two types - intrinsic materials which are pure, and extrinsic materials which are doped. Extrinsic materials include N-type which have excess electrons, and P-type which have excess holes. Most electronic devices like transistors, diodes, and ICs are made using semiconductor materials.

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Adnan Hyder Soomro
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58 views

03-Lecture-Semiconductor Devices

The document discusses semiconductor materials and devices. It defines semiconductors as materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators. Examples include silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenic. Semiconductors can be doped to precisely control conductivity. There are two types - intrinsic materials which are pure, and extrinsic materials which are doped. Extrinsic materials include N-type which have excess electrons, and P-type which have excess holes. Most electronic devices like transistors, diodes, and ICs are made using semiconductor materials.

Uploaded by

Adnan Hyder Soomro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Electronics

Introduction with Semiconductor material & Devices


Semiconductor Material…

• A semiconductor is a material that has a conductivity somewhere


between that of a conductor and an insulator.
• In other words, they're not as conductive as metals, but more
conductive than plastics and other insulators.
• Examples include silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenic.
• We can vary how pure these substances are, and use this to change the
conductivity of the material at will.
• This way we can fine tune the material to be exactly as conductive as
we want it to be.
• This process of adding impurities like phosphorous is called doping.
Semiconductors Types / Classifications

• There are two basic groups or classifications that can be used to define the different
semiconductor types:

• Intrinsic material:   An intrinsic type of semiconductor material made to be very pure


chemically.
• As a result it possesses a very low conductivity level having very few number of charge
carriers, namely holes and electrons, which it possesses in equal quantities.

• Extrinsic material:   Extrinsic types of semiconductor are those where a small amount of
impurity has been added to the basic intrinsic material.
• This 'doping' uses an element from a different periodic table group and in this way it will
either have more or less electrons in the valence band than the semiconductor itself.
• This creates either an excess or shortage of electrons. In this way two types of
semiconductor are available: Electrons are negatively charged carriers.
Semiconductors Types / Classifications(Continued…)
• N-type:   An N-type semiconductor material has an excess of electrons.
• In this way, free electrons are available within the lattices and their overall movement in
one direction under the influence of a potential difference results in an electric current
flow.
• This in an N-type semiconductor, the charge carriers are electrons.

• P-type:   In a P-type semiconductor material there is a shortage of electrons, i.e. there are
'holes' in the crystal lattice.
• Electrons may move from one empty position to another and in this case it can be
considered that the holes are moving.
• This can happen under the influence of a potential difference and the holes can be seen to
flow in one direction resulting in an electric current flow.
• It is actually harder for holes to move than for free electrons to move and therefore the
mobility of holes is less than that of free electrons.
• Holes are positively charged carriers.
Semiconductors Types / Classifications (Continued…)
Video Explaining Semiconductors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUmDVe6C-BU
Semiconductor Devices
• Most of electronic components/devices are made of semiconductor
material some given bellow…

Transistors
Diodes
ICs

So on…

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