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Xaviers - 6 - Correlation

Correlation measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1, where -1 is a perfect negative correlation, 0 is no correlation, and 1 is a perfect positive correlation. To calculate correlation, you first find the sum of products (SP) of the standardized scores and sum of squares (SS) for each variable, then divide the SP by the square root of the product of the SS values. This yields the Pearson correlation coefficient r, which indicates the degree and direction of any linear relationship between the two variables.

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37 views9 pages

Xaviers - 6 - Correlation

Correlation measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1, where -1 is a perfect negative correlation, 0 is no correlation, and 1 is a perfect positive correlation. To calculate correlation, you first find the sum of products (SP) of the standardized scores and sum of squares (SS) for each variable, then divide the SP by the square root of the product of the SS values. This yields the Pearson correlation coefficient r, which indicates the degree and direction of any linear relationship between the two variables.

Uploaded by

Nitish Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Correlation

Session – 5
Pradeep krishnatray
correlation
• Statistical technique to measure and describe relationship between 2
variables

Correlation measures three characteristics of


Variable 1 Variable 2 the relationship between 2 variables

1. Direction of the relationship:


Nutrition IQ Positive - negative
2. The form of relationship:
Curvilinear – linear
Note: The 2 variables are observed as they exist 3. The degree of relationship:
naturally in the environment Values range from +/- 0 to +/- 1.00

Note: Correlation requires two scores for each


individual
Correlation: Direction, form and degree
The Pearson correlation
• The Pearson correlation measures the degree and direction of linear
relationship between two variables. It is identified by the letter r.

degree to which X and Y variables vary together


degree
r= to which X and Y vary separately

That is,
Covariability of X and Y
Variability of X and Y separately

Sum of products
r = √SSXSSY How to calculate Sum of Products (SP) and Sum of Squares (SS)?
Correlation: Hypothesis testing procedure
• STEP 1
• Sketch a scatterplot

• STEP 2
• Obtain the value of SS and SP

• STEP 3
• Compute the Pearson correlation

• STEP 4
• Evaluate and conclude

• STEP 1
Pearson correlation: Procedure
Calculating Sum of Products Calculating SSx

X Y XY X X – x̄ (X – X)2
SP=ΣXY- - -
1 3 3
ΣXΣY
1 -2 4
n 2 6 12
2 -1 1
4 4 16
4 1 1
5 7 35
5 2 4
SP = 66 – 12(20) 12 20 66
4 12/4 10 SS for X
66 - 60

SP = 6
r = SP/√ssxssy Calculating Ssy
10
= 6/ √10 (10)
Pearson correlation

EXERCISE BY HAND AND THEN USING SPSS


Let’s solve a problem
X Y
0 1
10 3
4 1
8 2
8 3

Sketch a scatterplot
Calculate SS and SP
Find the correlation
Evaluate and conclude

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