DC Machines

D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy. when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such a
way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux of lines and e.m.f.
produces in a generator and it is defined by faradays law of
electromagnetic induction e.m.f. causes current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.
Basic Operation of Generator
Basic Operation of Generator
Basic Operation of Generator
Basic Operation of Generator
Basic Operation of Generator
Basic Operation of Generator
Construction of DC Machines

Commutator
 Features of DC Machine

Field Winding
Cross Sectional View of DC Generator

Main Parts

1.Bore or Yoke
2.Field system
a. Pole Body
b. Pole shoe
c. Field
winding
3.Armature
4.Commutator
5.Brushes
6.Shaft
7.End covers
8.Ball bearings etc.
YOKE

• It is made up of cast iron with

base plate and terminal box
opening.

• It is the outer most part of the

machine.

• It provides low reluctance path

to field flux (carries the flux
produced by poles)

• Provide mechanical support to

the field system.

• Acts as a protecting cover to the

machine
• It carries the magnetic flux
produced by the poles.
Field System
1. Pole Body:

• It is made up of Silicon steel laminations.

• The laminations are piled one over another and tightened with bolts
and nuts.
• Pole body is attached to yoke by counter sunk screws.
• It supports pole shoe and field winding
• provides low reluctance path.

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Field System

2. Pole Shoe:
• Made up of Si Steel laminations.
• Attached to pole body.
• Supports field windings.
• Helps in uniform distribution of flux in air gap.

3. Field Winding:
• Made of copper conductors over which cotton tape is wound and impregnated
in insulating oil and dried.
• On each pole body one field winding is kept and all windings are connected in
series so as to make one field winding.
• The sense of the windings are kept such that alternately N and S poles are
produced around the periphery of the machine.
• It is excited by supply voltage and produces the necessary working flux in the
machine.
Field System
Total Assembly of Stator, Rotor and Field system
Practical Assembly
Armature

It is made up of Si Steel laminations.

All laminations are joined by means of nuts and bolts.
The armature laminations are slotted and carry armature winding.
The whole assembly of armature is fixed to MS(mild steel) shaft.
In armature conductors voltage is generated and taken out from the
machine by commutator segments and brushes.

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Commutator & Brushes
• It is made up of mica inside which copper wedges are fixed around the
periphery of the commutator and it is fixed on MS shaft in front of
armature.
• The ends of armature windings are connected to commutator segments.
• Brushes are always pressing the commutator segments by means of
spring force to collect the current through the machine.
• Commutator makes AC voltage generated in the winding as DC voltage
to the external circuit.
• Commutator acts as RECTIFIER.
 Shaft, Bearings, End covers etc.

• Two ball bearings are fixed in two end

covers.
• End covers are fitted to yoke.
• The two ball bearings are supported by
MS shaft in which armature and
commutator are fixed.
• MS shaft is free to rotate.
Types of DC generators
Clasifications of Generators
Separately Excited DC Generator

These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by some external
DC source such as battery

A circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator is shown in figure.

Ia = Armature current

IL = Load current
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated emf

Let

Power generated, Power delivered to the external load,

 Self-excited DC Generators

According to the position of the field coils the self-excited DC

generators  may be classified as…

1.Series wound generators

2.Shunt wound generators
3.Compound wound generators
 Series Wound Generator

In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series with armature
conductors as shown in figure below. So, whole current flows through the field
coils as well as the load.
As series field winding carries full load current it is designed with relatively few
turns of thick wire. The electrical resistance of series field winding is therefore very
low (nearly 0.5Ω ).
 Shunt Wound DC Generators

In these type of DC generators the field windings are connected in parallel with
armature conductors as shown in figure below. In shunt wound generators the
voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage across the terminal

Here

voltage across the load

Power generated
Power delivered to the load,
 Compound Wound DC Generators
In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly proportional
with load current. In shunt wound generators, output voltage is
inversely proportional with load current. A combination of these two
types of generators can overcome the disadvantages of both. This
combination of windings is called compound wound DC generator.
 DC Machines Analysis
Symbols that will be used.

 = flux per pole

p = no. of poles
z = total number of active conductors on the armature
a = no. of parallel paths in the armature winding

          Aside: Lap Winding -> a = p

                 Wave Winding -> a = 2

n = speed of rotation of the armature in rpm

wm = speed in radians per second
 EMF Equation
When the rotor rotates in the field a voltage is developed in the
armature.

- the flux cut by one conductor in one rotation = p

- therefore in n rotations, the flux cut by one conductor = np

-
EMF Equation

EMF induced in the

armature windings
 TORQUE EQUATION
EaIa=Tem - In the DC machine losses are
expressed as rotational losses
due to friction and windage
(F&W).

- The torque equation can then be

rewritten as:-

  
SHAFT OUTPUT TORQUE = (Te -
TF&W)
 DC Generator
Ia

Ra If +
+
Ea  Nz p L
60 a VT O
A
E Rf D
V  Ea  Ia R a
L
V - -
I  L
f R
f
Note: VT = VL
Ia  I  I i.e. Terminal Voltage is the Load Voltage
f L
How A DC Motor Works?

A same DC machine can be used as a motor or

generator. 

Construction of a DC motor  is same as that of

a DC generator
Working Principle Of A DC Motor

A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy.
The principle of working of a DC motor is that "whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical
force". 
The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left hand rule  and it's
magnitude is given by
F = BIL.
Where, B = magnetic flux density,
I = current and
L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
Fleming's left hand rule

If we stretch the first finger, second finger

and thumb of our left hand to be
perpendicular to each other AND direction
of magnetic field is represented by the first
finger, direction of the current is
represented by second finger then the
thumb represents the direction of the force
experienced by the current carrying
conductor.
Working
In a dc motor, the stator poles are
supplied by dc excitation current, which
produces a dc magnetic field.
The rotor is supplied by dc current
through the brushes, commutator and
coils.
The interaction of the magnetic field
and rotor current generates a force that
drives the motor
The magnetic field lines enter into the
rotor from the north pole (N) and exit
toward the south pole (S). The poles
generate a magnetic field that is
perpendicular to the current carrying
conductors.
The interaction between the field and
the current produces a Lorentz force,
The force is perpendicular to both the
magnetic field and conductor
Back EMF

In a DC Motor, the induced EMF of rotation of the armature is

known as Back EMF or Counter EMF. When the current is
supplied to the armature conductors placed in the main magnetic
field, the torque develops, and the armature of the motor rotates.
The armature conductors cut the magnetic flux of the main
magnetic field. Therefore, the EMF of rotation Er is induced in
the conductors.
It can be seen in the above figure that the
direction of this induced EMF is opposite to
the applied voltage. This is the reason that
this induced EMF in the armature, when the
machine works as a motor, is called Back
EMF (Eb).
 Applications of DC machines
In the present day world, the electrical energy is generated in bulk in the form
of an alternating current. Hence, the use of DC machines, i.e., DC generators
and motors are very limited. They are mainly used in supplying excitation of
small and medium range alternators. The Industrial Applications of DC are in
Electrolytic Processes, Welding processes and Variable speed motor drives.
Applications of DC Motors
Series Motors Shunt Motors Compound Motors

The series DC motors are used The shunt motors are used The compound motors are
where high starting torque is where constant speed is used where higher starting
required, and variations in required and starting torque and fairly constant
speed are possible conditions are not severe speed is required. 
Traction system, Cranes, air Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Presses, Shears, Conveyors,
compressors, Vacuum Cleaner, Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Elevators, Rolling Mills,
Sewing machine, etc. Conveyors, Lifts, Weaving Heavy Planners, etc
 Applications of DC Generators
The applications of the various types of DC Generators are as follows:-
Separately Excited DC Generators
Separately excited DC Generators are used in laboratories for testing as they have a wide
range of voltage output.
Used as a supply source of DC motors.


Shunt wound Generators

DC shunt wound generators are used for lighting purposes.


Providing excitation to the alternators.



Series Wound Generators

DC series wound generators are used in DC locomotives for regenerative braking for
providing field excitation current.
Used to charge the battery.
